References
1. Rosenfeld RM, Shin JJ, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice
Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg 2016; 154:S1-S41.
2. Finkelstein Y, Ophir D, Talmi YP, Shabtai A, Strauss M, Zohar Y.
Adult-onset otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
1994; 120:517-527.
3. Schilder AG, Bhutta MF, Butler CC, et al. Eustachian tube
dysfunction: consensus statement on definition, types, clinical
presentation and diagnosis. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40:407-411.
4. Mahmoud R, Shabana MI, Seleit AM, El-hamshary AAS, Hosni NA.
School-based hearing screening program in children, four to seven years
old, Quesnay City, Minufia, Egypt. Adv Arab Acad Audio-Vestibul J 2016;
3:35.
5. Kouwen HB, DeJonckere PH. Prevalence of OME is reduced in young
children using chewing gum. Ear Hear 2007; 28:451-455.
6. Guild SR. LVII Elastic Tissue of the Eustachian Tube. Ann Otol Rhinol
Laryngol 1955; 64:537-545.
7. Newsome R. Sugar substitutes. In: Altschul AM, ed. Low-Calorie
Foods Handbook . New York: Marcel dekker,Inc, 1993:139.
8. Ramirez LM, Ballesteros LE, Sandoval GP. Tensor tympani muscle:
strange chewing muscle. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007; 12:E96-100.
9. Pierini C. Xylitol: A sweet alternative. History 2001; 5:6.
10. Cantekin EI, Doyle WJ, Bluestone CD. Effect of levator veli palatini
muscle excision on eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol 1983;
109:281-284.
11. Silva AC, Aprile LR, Dantas RO. Effect of Gum Chewing on Air
Swallowing, Saliva Swallowing and Belching. Arq Gastroenterol 2015;
52:190-194.
12. Kapila YV, Dodds WJ, Helm JF, Hogan WJ. Relationship between swallow
rate and salivary flow. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:528-533.
13. Picciotti PM, Della Marca G, D’Alatri L, Lucidi D, Rigante M,
Scarano E. Tensor veli palatini electromyography for monitoring
Eustachian tube rehabilitation in otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 2017;
131:411-416.
14. Mills R, Hathorn I. Aetiology and pathology of otitis media with
effusion in adult life. J Laryngol Otol 2016; 130:418-424.
15. Poe D, Gopen Q. Eustachian tube dysfunction. In: Snow JB, Wackym PA,
eds. Ballenger’s Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery .
Shelton: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2009:201-208.
16. Sadler-Kimes D, Siegel MI, Todhunter JS. Age-related morphologic
differences in the components of the eustachian tube/middle ear system.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98:854-858.
17. Bylander A. Comparison of eustachian tube function in children and
adults with normal ears. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1980; 89:20-24.
18. McDermott JC, Giebink GS, Le CT, Harford ER, Paparella MM. Children
with persistent otitis media. Audiometric and tympanometric findings.
Arch Otolaryngol 1983; 109:360-363.