References
  1. Bastos, A. D. S., Penrith, M.-L., Crucière, C., Edrich, J. L., Hutchings, G., Roger, F., Couacy-Hymann, E., & R.Thomson, G. (2003). Genotyping field strains of African swine fever virus by partial p72 gene characterisation. Archives of Virology, 148, 693–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-002-0946-8
  2. Blome, S., Gabriel, C., & Beer, M. (2013). Pathogenesis of African swine fever in domestic pigs and European wild boar. Virus Research, 173(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.026
  3. Carrasco, L., Bautista, M., Gómez-Villamandos, J., Martin de las Mulas, J., Chacón-M de lara, Wilkinson, P. J., & Sierra, M. (1997). Development of microscopic lesions in splenic cords of pigs infected with African swine fever virus. Veterinary Research, 28, 93–99. PMID: 9172845
  4. Carrasco, L., Chacón-m de Lara, F., Gómez-Villamandos, J. C., Bautista, M. J., Villeda, C. J., Wilkinson, P. J., & Sierra, M. A. (1996). The pathogenic role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in acute African swine fever. Research in Veterinary Science, 61(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90062-4
  5. Carrasco, L., Chacón-M. de Lara, F., Martín de las Mulas, J., Gómez-Villamandos, J. C., Pérez, J., Wilkinson, P. J., & Sierra, M. A. (1996). Apoptosis in lymph nodes in acute African swine fever. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 115(4), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(96)80075-2
  6. Carrasco, L., Núñez, A., Salguero, F. J., Dı́az San Segundo, F., Sánchez-Cordón, P., Gómez-Villamandos, J. C., & Sierra, M. A. (2002). African Swine Fever: Expression of Interleukin-1 alpha and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha by Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 126(2–3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2001.0543
  7. Choe, S., Le, V. P., Shin, J., Kim, J.-H., Kim, K.-S., Song, S., Cha, R. M., Park, G.-N., Nguyen, T. L., Hyun, B.-H., Park, B.-K., & An, D.-J. (2020). Pathogenicity and Genetic Characterization of Vietnamese Classical Swine Fever Virus: 2014–2018. Pathogens, 9(3), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030169
  8. Dixon, L. K., Alonso, C., Escribano, J. M., Martins, C., Revilla, Y., Salas, M. L., et al. (2012). Family Asfarviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. King, A. M. Q., Adams, M. J., Carstens, E. B., Lefkowitz, E. J., Ed. Elsevier. pg 153-162.
  9. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
  10. Fernandez, A., Perez, J., Martin de las Mulas, J., Carrasco, L., Dominguez, J., & Sierra, M. (1992). Localization of African Swine Fever viral antigen, swine IgM, IgG and C1q in lung and liver tissues of experimentally infected pigs. J. Comp. Path., 107, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(92)90098-F
  11. Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95-98.
  12. Huong Giang, N. T., Lan, N. T., Nam, N. H., Hirai, T., & Yamaguchi, R. (2016). Pathological Characterization of an Outbreak of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Northern Vietnam. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 154, 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.004
  13. Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
  14. King, D. P., Reid, S. M., Hutchings, G. H., Grierson, S. S., Wilkinson, P. J., Dixon, L. K., Bastos, A. D. S., & Drew, T. W. (2003). Development of a TaqMan® PCR assay with internal amplification control for the detection of African swine fever virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 107, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00189-1
  15. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547-1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  16. Le, V. P., Jeong, D. G., Yoon, S.-W., Kwon, H.-M., Trinh, T. B. N., Nguyen, T. L., Bui, T. T. N., Oh, J., Kim, J. B., Cheong, K. M., Van Tuyen, N., Bae, E., Vu, T. T. H., Yeom, M., Na, W., & Song, D. (2019). Outbreak of African Swine Fever, Vietnam, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25, 1433–1435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2507.190303
  17. López, A., Martinson, S. A. (2017). Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae . In: Pathologic basis of veterinary diseases. Zachary, J. F., Ed. Elsevier. pg 483.
  18. Montgomery, R. E. (1921). On A Form of Swine Fever Occurring in British East Africa (Kenya Colony). Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, 34, 159–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(21)80031-4
  19. Pan, I. C., Hess, W. R. (1984). Virulence in African Swine Fever—Its measurement and implications. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 361–366. PMID: 6711963
  20. Quembo, C. J., Jori, F., Vosloo, W., & Heath, L. (2018). Genetic characterization of African swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in Mozambique and identification of a novel genotype. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 420–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12700
  21. Robinson, W. F., Robinson, N. A. (2016). Cardiovascular System . In: Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vol 3, 6th Edit. Maxie, M. G., Ed. Elsevier. pg 74-76.
  22. Saitou, N., & Nei M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406-425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
  23. Salguero, F. J., Sánchez-Cordón, P. J., Núñez, A., Fernández de Marco, M., & Gómez-Villamandos, J. C. (2005). Proinflammatory Cytokines Induce Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Acute African Swine Fever Infection. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 132(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.11.004
  24. Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M., Mur, L., Gomez-Villamandos, J. C., & Carrasco, L. (2015). An Update on the Epidemiology and Pathology of African Swine Fever. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 152, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.003
  25. Sanchez-Vizcaino, J., Laddomada, A., Arias, M. L. (2019).African Swine Fever Virus. In: Diseases of Swine. Zimmerman, J. J., Karriker, L. A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K. J., Stevenson, G. W., Zhang, J., Ed. John Wiley & Sons. pg 443-452.
  26. Sierra, M. A., Bernabe, A., Mozos, E., Mendez, A., & Jover, A. (1987). Ultrastructure of the Liver in Pigs with Experimental African Swine Fever. Veterinary Pathology, 24(5), 460–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400516
  27. The United States Department of Agriculture. 2019. Vietnam African Swine Fever Update, December 06, 2019. Retrieved from: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Vietnam%20African%20Swine%20Fever%20Update_Hanoi_Vietnam_11-30-2019 [cited 2020 March 10].
  28. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2019. African Swine Fever (ASF) Report N°17: 2016 – 2019. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/ASF/Report_17._Global_situation_of_ASF.pdf [cited 2020 March 17].
  29. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2020. African Swine Fever (ASF) Report N° 39: February 28 to March 12, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/ASF/Report_39_Current_situation_of_ASF.pdf [cited 2020 March 19].
Table 1. Information of the pigs in the African swine fever outbreak in August-September 2019, Vietnam