Attribute |
Word 1 |
Word 2 |
Thickness |
Thick |
Thin* |
Spreadability |
Easy to spread |
Glides easily |
Stickiness |
Sticky |
Light* |
Ease of absorption |
Easily absorbed |
Penetrates quickly |
Freshness |
Fresh sensation |
Cold sensation |
Residues |
Whitening on rub-out |
Leaves residues |
Greasiness/oiliness |
Greasy |
Oily sensation |
Moisturization |
More hydrated skin |
Softer skin |
*Pair of words are at opposite
extremes of the attribute scaleUsability tests and fuzzy integral analysis: To define consumer needs regarding the use of a skin moisturizer, we conducted usability tests during two main popular events in the city of Nancy (France). Two groups, consisting of thirty-two female (average age 31 years old), tested one of the two selected reference products: a cream - Sample 1 (Atoderm Ultra-nourishing Cream, Bioderma), and a lotion - Sample 2 (NIVEA Body Sun protection FPS 15, Beiersdorf). Then they answered the set of questions corresponding to each word in Table 1, using an ordinal scale (from 1 being "not at all" to 5 being "very much"). The complete survey form – in French (original) and English – and the results are presented in Section B of the Supplementary material.