Test conditions
The GTA algorithm is implemented in Matlab, and the comparison with PSO is performed using the built-in PSO algorithm from the Global Optimization Toolbox [17], with default parameters (\(c_{1}=c_{2}=\ 1.49\) and \(\omega\) varying from 0.1 to 1.1, linearly).
To evaluate the performance of GTA against PSO, both algorithms were applied to sixteen well-known benchmark functions from the literature [18-19] and collections online of test functions, such as the library GAMS World [20], CUTE [21], and GO Test Problems [22]. In addition, [23] provides an exhaustive list of up 175 functions.
Table 1 shows the name and the equation of each function, the dimension we have used for the problem, and the boundaries considered for the variables. The minimum value for all of these functions is given in the last column. Let us note here that the dimension for most of these benchmark functions has been taken inspired in the human DNA, which may be represented by 20,000 genes [24-25].