Prevention and control of zoonotic diseases
The interaction of human with wild animals can lead to varied emerging
or re-emerging global zoonotic pandemic such as SARS as well as MERS
(Day, 2011). Some of the comprehensive approaches require for the update
to prevent zoonotic diseases and to conserve integrity of ecosystem and
environment is summarized as follows:
- Understanding the relation between human and wildlife and Judicious
utilization of land and water ((Jahani et al., 2020; Barati et al.,
2017).
- Wildlife health science is critical for universal diseases management
and needs to pay attention especially in South American and African
countries having the highest coverage of protected areas
- Establishing approaches towards the management of emerging and
re-emerging diseases accounting for the complicated interconnections
among species;
- Biodiversity protection outlook;
- Wild animal populations generate a significant and instant threat to
humans and at the same time to food security and need to
multidisciplinary efforts and scientific concerns for restrict culling
of wild species;
- Protected areas settlements management and Human community training in
hygienic affairs in facing with wildlife to control COVID-19 outbreak.
- Protected areas quarantine for tourism, hunting, researches or other
human activities; and wildlife observation for COVID-19 symptoms. Ii
is crucial specially in Asian, Pacific and African countries that
protected areas are surrounded by human developed areas.
Increased investment in the global human and animal health
infrastructure (one health) and protected area assessment plans,
especially in South American and Asian countries with low percentage of
assessed protected areas for management effectiveness (Dhama et al.
2013).
Furthermore, some of the routes for control zoonotic diseases outbreak
is given below:
management practice and biosafety is without, a doubt, are the best way
(Hafez, 2005). Another way to control zoonotic diseases would be via the
use of vaccination in protected areas local communities, but there is
some obstacle such as variability in the strains, difficulty in
production, cost constraints, prohibitively expensiveness etc. On the
other hand, in animal vaccination, there are basic biological
differences that effect on vaccination protocols, between each species
and different species (Paul-Pierre, 2009; Dhama et al. 2012a). Moreover,
regulations governing registration and marketing of vaccines for wild
animals should be flexible and development of science and technology
also the new vaccines available needs to be considered for animal
disease control recommendations (Moran et al., 2009; Gargano et al.
2013). The drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposoma, the
viral vector should be investigated and used to achieve efficient and
protective immune responses ((Dhama et al. 2013; Babiuk et al., 2003;
Suri et al., 2007). Furthermore, nutrition and nutritional status can
have a direct and indirect impact upon the augment immune defenses
(Dhama et al. 2013; Mahima et al., 2013).