Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
LPV/r, either alone or in combination, has been rarely reported to be associated with DHRs. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients who received LPV/r combination, MPE rate was reported as 2-4% (57). Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) was described in two cases receiving LPV/r (58).
In a multicentre randomized study that evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of the combination of efavirenz or LPV/r plus abacavir/lamivudine, 2/63 patients in the LPV/r group discontinued the study because of a DHR (59).
In a recent cohort of 199 severe COVID-19 patients who received LPV/r combination, only two (1%) experienced self-limited skin eruptions (44). A recent study evaluating 217 patients from China revealed that most of the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were associated with LPV/r and umifenovir with 63.8% and 18.1% respectively and history of a drug allergy was higher in these patients (8.5%) comparing with the ones without ADRs (2.2% vs., P <0.044) (60).