Setting
This observational cohort study recruited women attending antenatal care at five major hospitals in urban and peri-urban areas of central Uganda between 13th June 2018 and 31stOctober 2019. Three are public facilities managed by the Uganda Ministry of Health, and two are private-not-for-profit hospitals managed by the Uganda Catholic Medical Services Bureau. Uganda is a low-income country in East Africa with an annual GDP of $643 per capita ($1.76 per day).12 Whilst great progress has been made in recent decades, the maternal mortality rate remains high (368 per 100,000 live births), as does the perinatal mortality rate (42 per 1,000 births).13,14