Study sites
The set of data used in this study was extracted from the PASTUS Database (http://ecofun.ctfc.cat/?p=3538), which was compiled by the Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN) of the Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC) and the University of Lleida (UdL). We sourced a wealth of data of 98 grassland patches distributed across the Pyrenees (Fig. S1), which are located between 42 and 43º N latitude and between -2.2º W and 3º E longitude. The sampled area extends along 290 km from east to west and has an altitudinal range of 1700 m, encompassing a wide variety of temperate and cold-temperate climates, with different precipitation conditions, depending on altitude and geographical location from Mediterranean to Continental and Boreo-Alpine (de Lamo & Sebastià, 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2018). Annual temperatures (MAT) range between 1 and 9.9 ºC and annual precipitation values (MAP) between 960 and 2100 mm (Gottardi, 2009; Fick & Hijmans, 2017).