Grip strength and performance evaluation
Handgrip strength was measured with Jamar dynamometer (Baseline Hydraulic Hand dynamometer Irvington, NY, USA), which was used at the second handle position. The subjects were instructed to be in sitting position as their shoulders were adducted and neutrally rotated, elbows were flexed at 90°, and the forearms/wrists were kept in neutral position. For performance evaluations; chair stand test (CST) was performed while subjects were asked to stand up and sit down from a chair without arm rest for five times, with their arms crossed over their chests.6 For gait speed measurements, subjects were asked to walk at their usual pace over a 6-meter course. The participants were informed to stand with both feet touching the starting line and to start walking after the command. Time duration (between beginning and ending) was measured by a chronometer and transformed into meter/second. Three measurements for all the performance tests were obtained and the mean values were taken into analyses.