Definitions 
DM was defined according to the following information obtained from the claims database: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥6.5% or both in individuals not taking an antidiabetic drug, or use of antidiabetic medication(s) regardless of FPG or HbA1c [10].
Blood pressure was measured at all participating facilities in accordance with the guidelines of the Japanese Society of Hypertension [8]. For medical checkups these guidelines recommended measurement of blood pressure twice by the oscillometric method and averaging the results.
The initiation of dialysis was determined according to claims using medical procedures for the initiation of peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis after 1 month of follow up.