Definitions
DM was defined according to the following information obtained from the
claims database: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c
≥6.5% or both in individuals not taking an antidiabetic drug, or use of
antidiabetic medication(s) regardless of FPG or HbA1c [10].
Blood pressure was measured at all participating facilities in
accordance with the guidelines of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
[8]. For medical checkups these guidelines recommended measurement
of blood pressure twice by the oscillometric method and averaging the
results.
The initiation of dialysis was determined according to claims using
medical procedures for the initiation of peritoneal dialysis or
hemodialysis after 1 month of follow up.