1 Background Histopathological response to neoadjuvant-chemotherapy(NACT) measured as tumor necrosis(TN) has been reported to be prognostic of outcomes post HDMTX- based chemotherapy. We studied outcomes based on different cut-offs of TN and delineated clinical-laboratory parameters predictive of TN on a non-HDMTX chemotherapy backbone. 2 Materials and Methods Children ≤15years, with osteosarcoma treated on OGS-2012 protocol and surgery post-NACT from January 2013-December 2020 were retrospectively analysed. TN was reported as percentage necrosis. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, Pearson’s Chi-square tests were used. 3 Results Analysis was done in 258 patients. Median age-12years(range,3-15years), M:F-1.7:1. Amputation was performed in 20.1%. Median TN was 94%. At a median follow-up of 38months(range,34-45months), 3year Event Free Survival(EFS) and Overall Survival(OS) of the whole cohort were 56.1%(SE,3.3%) and 87.8%(SE,2.4%). For entire cohort, TN-70%(29.3%vs60.7%), 90% (38.7%vs69.0%), 100%(50.8%vs84.1%), were prognostic for EFS(p=0.0001), while TN-90%(80.3%vs92.9%,p=0.006) and 100%(85.5%vs97.7%,p=0.023) were prognostic for OS. For localized disease, TN-70%(35.4%vs 66.4%), 90%(41.6%vs77.0%), 100%(54.8%vs96.2%) were prognostic for EFS(p=0.0001), and OS(p=0.0001). For metastatic disease, TN-70% was prognostic for EFS(16.6%vs50.1%,p=0.0047). Receptor-Operator Curve derived cut-off of 85.5%TN for EFS, 83.5%TN for OS prognosticated whole and localized cohorts the best. For metastatic cohort, 84.5%TN best prognosticated EFS. Among clinical-laboratory parameters, male gender(OR:1.9,p=0.01), amputation (OR:2.1,p=0.014) had a higher risk of <90%TN. 4 Conclusions Tumor necrosis at 90% cut-off in localized disease is prognostic of survival on a non-HDMTX based backbone, though best outcomes are seen with 100%TN, but 70%TN and other cut-offs require further exploration. A lower cut-off of 70%(or other) in metastatic disease could be used for prognostication. Amputation, male gender predicts poor histological necrosis.

Bhavatharini P A

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AIMS 6 mercaptopurine (6MP) is the mainstay chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and is conventionally available as 50 mg tablets. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of a new 6MP Powder for Oral Suspension (PFOS) intended for paediatric use. Additionally, a virtual study with the obtained data was planned for determining a dose of the PFOS that matches tablet exposures and to confirm optimal drug levels in pediatrics. METHODS An open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, single oral dose, crossover, bioequivalence study was conducted on 51 healthy subjects. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model was developed using the data to perform simulations with various PFOS doses and select a bioequivalent dose. To simulate 6MP and 6 thioguanine (6TGN) exposures in pediatrics, a literature model for paediatric ALL patients, and allometrically scaled PK parameters were utilised. RESULTS The 6MP PFOS had 47% higher bioavailability compared to the reference product. Simulations using a two-compartmental PopPK model with dissolution and transit compartments showed that 40 mg of PFOS was found to be equivalent to the 50mg tablets. The simulated 6TGN concentrations in virtual paediatric patients were between 114 and 703.6 pmol/8x108 RBCs, which was within the range of values reported in paediatric ALL studies. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that 40 mg dose of 6MP PFOS 10 mg/mL has the same extent of absorption as the 50 mg tablet which can be precisely administered in pediatrics. The study also demonstrates the role of modelling and simulation to perform virtual bioequivalence and paediatric studies.
1 Background and Objective Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) or its complications in children with cancer were not increased as compared to normal children in earlier reports. However, continuing intensive treatment during ongoing COVID-19 infection has not been studied systematically. We report a single tertiary center experience on COVID-19 in children with cancer and continuation of cancer-directed therapy in them. 2 Methods Children ≤15years on active cancer treatment detected with COVID-19 until September 15th, 2020 were prospectively followed-up. Patients were managed in accordance to well-laid guidelines. Treatment was continued for children with COVID-19 infection who were clinically stable and on intensive treatment for various childhood cancers as far as practicable. 3 Results One hundred twenty-two children (median age 8years; range 1-15years, male: female 1.7:1) with cancer were diagnosed with COVID-19. All-cause mortality rate was 7.4%(n=9) and COVID-19 related mortality rate was 4.9%(n=6). Of 118 children, 99 (83.9%), 60 (50.8%), 43 (36.4%), 26 (22.0%) and 6 (5.1%) had RT-PCR positivity at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60 days from diagnosis of COVID-19 respectively. Scheduled risk-directed intravenous chemotherapy was delivered in 70 (90.9%) of 77 children on active systemic treatment with a median delay of 14days (range, 0-48days) and no increased toxicities. 4 Conclusions COVID-19 was not a major deterrent for the continuation of active cancer treatment despite persistent RT-PCR positivity. The long-term assessment of treatment adaptations requires further prospective follow up and real time addressal.
1 Background Persisting residual mass at treatment completion are known in rhabdomyosarcoma(RMS) who have been treated with definitive radiotherapy to the primary site, but their prognostic significance is uncertain. Tumour response as assessed by anatomic imaging is not prognostic and there are only limited studies based on FDG-PET response. We report the prognostic significance of persistent FDG avidity in residual masses, assessed 3-months post completion of radiotherapy, in paediatric RMS who have undergone definitive RT as primary local therapy. 2 Materials and Methods Children≤15 years with Group 3 or 4 RMS treated on a uniform chemotherapy protocol, who received definitive radiotherapy for local control from June 2013-December 2018, and had FDG-PET CT at 3-months post radiotherapy were retrospectively analysed for outcomes. 3 Results Sixty-three children formed the study cohort, (55 Group3 and 8 Group4) FDG-PET CT scan done 3-months post-radiotherapy showed FDG-avid residual mass in 11 patients(17.5%), morphologic only (FDG negative) residual mass in 24 patients(38.1%) and no residual in 28 patients(44.4%). At a median follow-up of 41months (range,10-83months), 3-year Event Free Survival of patients with FDG-avid residual are 45.5% (95%CI:23.8%-86.8%) and for those with morphologic only or no residual are 71.4% (95%CI:59.6%-85.5%). Presence of FDG-avid residual on PET-CT scan 3-months post definitive RT [HR-2.92(95%CI:1.13-7.57),p=0.028] and regional lymph node involvement [HR-3.14(95%CI:1.26-7.78),p=0.014] affected outcomes, which retained significance on multivariate analysis too. 4 Conclusions Persistent metabolic activity in residual disease at the end of therapy in RMS may portend poorer prognosis, and help identify patients who would benefit from alternative treatment strategy.
Background: The purpose of this single-centre study was to analyse the outcomes of extracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) in children treated on a multi-modality regimen at a single-centre. Methods: Retrospective study of children (<18 years) with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of extracranial GCT over a period of 10 years (January’09-December’18) treated on a uniform institution-based protocol. All completely excised teratomas and stage I gonadal tumors received no further therapy (low risk); Stage IV Ovarian, Stage III-IV extragonadal GCTs received 6 cycles of chemotherapy (high risk) and the remaining received 4 cycles of chemotherapy (intermediate risk). Results: A total of 336 kids were treated of which the analysable cohort comprised of 297with a boy-girl ratio of 1.72:1 and median age of 4 years. Gonadal GCTs(n-180) were commoner than extragonadal GCTs(n-117) with ovary as primary site in 128 children(43%) and sacrococcygeal site being the commonest extragonadal location(n-41;14%). LR, IR and HR disease were noted in 60(20.2%) patients, 125(42%)patients and 112(37.8%)patients respectively. Forty-one patients relapsed and 43 children expired (disease related-33; toxic deaths-9; unknown-1). The 5-year EFS/OS was 79.3%/84.4% respectively with gonadal site, low-risk and non-metastatic disease associated with statistically better EFS (median follow-up:52.1±37.3 months). Conclusion(s): Both cisplatin and carboplatin based regimens had comparable outcomes. The low and intermediate GCTs had an excellent outcome, thus warranting a gradual shift in the approach to these tumors by reducing therapy and decreasing late effects of therapy. In high risk GCTs however, intensifying therapies to improve outcomes must be balanced against the risk of cumulative toxicity.