We included studies where time, location, and diagnostic method for the occurrence of human typhoid cases are clearly described. All types of articles including reports of sporadic cases, outbreak investigation, cross-sectional surveys, clinical trials, and longitudinal surveillance conducted in Africa were considered eligible. We included reports of culture-confirmed typhoid fever where Salmonella Typhi was isolated from blood, stool, or bone marrow as the primary evidence but also reports of typhoid fever confirmed through serologic tests (e.g., Widal test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or suspected clinically (e.g., ileal perforation) for comparison.