Test Name | Method | Specimen | Format | Time per test (mins) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Ref |
Widal | Measures IgM and IgG antibodies against against flagellar (H) and somatic (O) antigens | Serum | semiquantitative and quantitative agglutination assay | 240 | 40.9 – 94.4 | 18.3 – 58.0 | Deksissa and Gebremedhin, 2019; Ousenu et al., 2021; Mawazo et al., 2019; Adhikari et al., 2015; Wam et al., 2019 |
Typhidot/ Typhidot-M | Dot ELISA kit that detects IgM and IgG antibodies against the outer membrane protein (OMP) of the S. Typhi | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Immunochromatographic qualitative assay: either positive, negative or pass infection. | 60 | 26.7 - 100 | 37.5 – 97.4 | Narayanappa et al., 2010; Krishna et al., 2011; Mehmood et al., 2015; Udaykumar et al., 2017; Nithya et al., 2022; Prasad et al., 2015 |
TUBEX TF | Inhibition Binding Magnetic Immunoassay. Detects IgM to S. Typhi O9 antigen | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Semi‐quantitative colorimetric assay | 10 | 52.9 – 95.0 | 54.0 – 95.0 | Thriemer et al., 2013; Bundalian et al., 2019; Khanna et al., 2015; Islam et al., 2016 |
Multi‐test Dip‐S‐Tick | a dipstick format that detects detects anti-O, anti-H, anti-Vi, IgM, or IgG | Heparinized whole blood, serum, or plasma | Qualitative test: either positive or negative | 90 | 89.0 | 53.0 | Olsen et al., 2004 |
OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo | a lateral flow immunoassay for the detection and differentiation of IgG and IgM antibodies to S. Typhi and Paratyphi | Whole blood, serum, or plasma | Qualitative: positive or negative. | 15 | 100 | 94.4 | Tarupiwa et al., 2015 |
Enterocheck WB | Detects IgM antibodies to S. Typhi lipopolysacharide antigen | Whole blood, plasma, or serum | Qualitative: positive or negative. | 25 | 68.5 – 86.0 | 63.0 – 89.0 | Hamdy et al., 2015; Anusha et al., 2011; Bhume and Babaliche, 2020; Prasad et al., 2015 |