Study design
This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital and Beijing Tshinghua Changgung Hospital Fund (Grant No. 12017C1002). The HMA system was activated on October 1, 2017. The HMA system was set to send real time warning messages to the patient’s immediate team physician mobile phone when hypoglycemia (<3 mmol/L) or hyperglycemia (>10 mmol/L) was detected. HMA alert messages were set not to repeat until 72 hours had passed. The alert would be activated by results from either point of care POC or serum glucose testing. Hospital hyperglycemia (HH) was defined as random blood glucose > 7.8 mmol/L, whereas a blood glucose > 10 mmol/L was defined as significant HH (SHH). The HH and SHH rates were defined as HH amount/ total tested glucose amount % and SHH amount/ total tested glucose amount %, respectively, and used as indicators for glycemic control. The patients hospitalized before the HMA system was activated acted as the baseline group and with those patients monitored with the HMA system being labelled as the HMA group.