DNA extraction
Total genomic DNA was isolated using Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) in a lab designated for degraded and ancient DNA, while DNA from the single tissue sample was processed in a designated, high quality DNA facility using Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), following the standard protocol for animal tissue samples. DNA was eluted in buffer AE in a volume of 100 ul for all museum specimens and 200 ul for the tissue sample. The degraded DNA laboratory included additional steps of placing a blank extraction control for minimally every 12 samples, bleaching, exposing both plastic consumables and pipettes to ultraviolet radiation, routine changing of gloves, and processing of samples under a hood in order to prevent contamination during DNA extraction.