Variables Before Propensity Score Match Before Propensity Score Match Before Propensity Score Match Before Propensity Score Match Before Propensity Score Match After Propensity Score Match After Propensity Score Match After Propensity Score Match After Propensity Score Match After Propensity Score Match
Non-insulin Users (n = 17173) Non-insulin Users (n = 17173) Insulin Users (n = 2047) Insulin Users (n = 2047) p Value Non-insulin Users (n = 4094) Non-insulin Users (n = 4094) Insulin Users (n = 2047) Insulin Users (n = 2047) p Value
N % N % n % n %
Age 0.01 0.54
18-49
5886
34.27
732
35.76
1444
35.27
732
35.76
50-65
7301
42.51
900
43.97
1793
43.80
900
43.97
>65
3986
23.22
415
20.27
857
20.93
415
20.27
Mean ± SD
55.37 ± 11.91
55.37 ± 11.91
54.98 ± 11.32
54.98 ± 11.32
0.15
55.20 ± 11.82
55.20 ± 11.82
54.98 ± 11.32
54.98 ± 11.32
0.29
Sex 0.11 0.62
Female
5421
31.57
611
29.85
1197
29.24
611
29.85
Male
11752
68.43
1436
70.15
2897
70.76
1436
70.15
DM age, mean ± SD 55.96 ± 11.12 55.96 ± 11.12 51.93 ± 10.93 51.93 ± 10.93 <0.0001 52.58 ± 11.03 52.58 ± 11.03 51.93 ± 10.93 51.93 ± 10.93 0.06
DM duration, mean ± SD† 4.85 ± 3.47 4.85 ± 3.47 3.05 ± 2.79 3.05 ± 2.79 <0.0001 3.21 ± 3.94 3.21 ± 3.94 3.05 ± 2.79 3.05 ± 2.79 0.10
Antihypertensive drugs
ACEI/ARB
7401
43.10
1076
52.56
<0.0001
2143
52.34
1076
52.56
0.87
β-blockers
9004
52.43
1298
63.41
<0.0001
2567
62.70
1298
63.41
0.59
Calcium-channel blockers
5086
29.62
777
37.96
<0.0001
1495
36.52
777
37.96
0.27
Diuretics
4304
25.06
699
34.15
<0.0001
1384
33.81
699
34.15
0.79
Other anti-hypertensive agent
3350
19.51
521
25.45
<0.0001
1034
25.26
521
25.45
0.87
Antidiabetic drugs
Metformin
5437
31.66
1033
50.46
<0.0001
2036
49.73
1033
50.46
0.59
Sulfonylurea
6446
37.54
1178
57.55
<0.0001
2337
57.08
1178
57.55
0.73
Meglitinide
1814
10.56
327
15.97
<0.0001
644
15.73
327
15.97
0.80
Thiazolidinedione
2050
11.94
429
20.96
<0.0001
789
19.27
429
20.96
0.12
α-glucosidase inhibitor
1779
10.36
341
16.66
<0.0001
644
15.73
341
16.66
0.35
DPP-4 inhibitors
457
2.66
92
4.49
<0.0001
199
4.86
92
4.49
0.53
Other drugs
Statin
4202
24.47
661
32.29
<0.0001
1299
31.73
661
32.29
0.66
Aspirin
9556
55.65
1354
66.15
<0.0001
2762
67.46
1354
66.15
0.30
DCSI score <0.0001 0.59
0
9298
54.14
732
35.76
1418
34.64
732
35.76
1
2595
15.11
397
19.39
786
19.20
397
19.39
≥2
5280
30.75
918
44.85
1890
46.17
918
44.85
CCI <0.0001 0.64
0
11657
67.88
694
33.90
1357
33.15
694
33.90
1
2326
13.54
528
25.79
1101
26.89
528
25.79
≥2
3190
18.58
825
40.31
<0.0001
1636
39.96
825
40.30
HBV 2810 16.36 491 23.99 <0.0001 928 22.67 491 23.99 0.25
HCV 2093 12.19 407 19.88 <0.0001 804 19.64 407 19.88 0.82