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\begin{document}

\title{Genetic drift does not outweigh natural selection at Toll-like receptor
genes in the populations of Gal\selectlanguage{ngerman}ápagos mockingbirds\selectlanguage{english}}



\author[1]{Jakub Vlček}%
\author[2]{Matěj Miláček}%
\author[1]{Jan Štefka}%
\author[3]{Michal Vinkler}%
\affil[1]{Biology Centre CAS Institute of Parasitology}%
\affil[2]{University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Faculty of Science}%
\affil[3]{Charles University}%


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  \date{May 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Population and conservation genetics seek to understand how adaptive
diversity is shaped by the interweaving forces of molecular evolution in
small and endangered populations. On the one hand, selection shapes
variation, on the other hand, genetic drift impedes the selection by
stochastic changes of allele frequencies. Drift is hypothesised to
prevail if the population size is small. However, in practice empirical
estimates of the population size are often challenging. Here we used
island size as a proxy to population size to reveal the evolutionary
constraints of molecular diversity in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of
mockingbirds (genus Mimus) inhabiting Gal\selectlanguage{ngerman}ápagos islands. TLRs are
crucial for pathogen recognition by host immunity and thus under various
selection constraints. We focused on the interaction of drift and
selection in TLR1B, TLR4, and TLR15 across 12 size-variable insular
populations and compared them with the mainland population of the
northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), aiming to test if population
size impacts selection efficiency. Nucleotide diversity positively
correlated with the island size indicating an increasing effect of
genetic drift in small populations. Despite this pattern, functional TLR
properties were largely conserved, presumably due to purifying selection
opposing drift independently on the island size. The degree of protein
conservatism differed between the loci with TLR15 being the least
conserved. Island colonisation did not lead to relaxed selection or to
local adaptations. Together with the invariable physicochemical
properties of the TLR variants, these observations imply that drift did
not outweigh purifying selection despite restricted population size.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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