Introduction
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with end-stage renal disease is often challenging due to graft selection, comorbidities, and complex perioperative management. Internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting shows a survival benefit over saphenous vein grafting in non-dialysis1-5 and dialysis patients6. ITA grafts could be favorable for all CABG patients, because these grafts show less arteriosclerotic changes than other grafts3,5. In addition, bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting improves long-term survival compared with single internal thoracic artery (SITA) grafting7-13. However, one recent trial showed no significant difference 14. Moreover, the efficacy of BITA grafting in dialysis patients remains unclear15. We compared the short- and long-term results of BITA grafting and SITA grafting, and clarified the benefits of BITA grafting in patients with dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease.