Absolute frequencies Absolute frequencies Absolute frequencies Model 1A- aRR (95% CI) Model 1A- aRR (95% CI) Model 1A- aRR (95% CI) Model 2B- aRR (95% CI) Model 2B- aRR (95% CI) Model 2B- aRR (95% CI) Model 3C- aRR (95% CI) Model 3C- aRR (95% CI) Model 3C- aRR (95% CI)
All (N=2494) Women (N=1592) Men (N=902) All Women Men All Women Men All Women Men
Clinical characteristics
Women 1592 1.12 (0.8, 1.57) 1.12 (0.8, 1.56) 1.12 (0.8, 1.57)
Age (years-old) 2494 1592 902 1 (0.99, 1.01) 1 (0.99, 1.02) 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 1 (0.99, 1.01) 1 (0.99, 1.02) 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 1 (0.99, 1.01) 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) 0.99 (0.97, 1.01)
CV disease 290 179 111 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) 1.25 (0.75, 2.1) 0.85 (0.37, 1.99) 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) 1.23 (0.74, 2.05) 0.95 (0.42, 2.14) 1.13 (0.73, 1.74) 1.21 (0.73, 2.02) 0.95 (0.42, 2.13)
Diabetes 302 174 128 1.64 (1.09, 2.47) 1.74 (1.08, 2.8) 1.36 (0.62, 3) 1.61 (1.08, 2.42) 1.73 (1.08, 2.76) 1.26 (0.56, 2.82) 1.58 (1.05, 2.37) 1.67 (1.04, 2.68) 1.27 (0.56, 2.85)
Pulmonary disease 364 241 123 1.47 (1.02, 2.13) 1.5 (0.97, 2.32) 1.33 (0.66, 2.72) 1.42 (0.98, 2.05) 1.47 (0.94, 2.27) 1.28 (0.62, 2.62) 1.44 (0.99, 2.08) 1.48 (0.95, 2.3) 1.25 (0.61, 2.57)
Kidney disease 129 76 53 1.21 (0.65, 2.25) 0.87 (0.38, 1.99) 2.07 (0.76, 5.68) 1.19 (0.64, 2.21) 0.9 (0.39, 2.06) 1.83 (0.65, 5.13) 1.2 (0.65, 2.23) 0.89 (0.4, 2.01) 1.84 (0.67, 5.06)
Active cancer or treatment 70 47 23 1.15 (0.52, 2.58) 1.05 (0.38, 2.88) 1.43 (0.39, 5.24) 1.14 (0.51, 2.57) 1.05 (0.38, 2.88) 1.44 (0.36, 5.72) 1.13 (0.5, 2.55) 1.06 (0.39, 2.87) 1.44 (0.36, 5.75)
Treatments followed
Biologic DMARDs1 1112 579 533 0.46 (0.31, 0.67) 0.41 (0.24, 0.69) 0.56 (0.3, 1.03)
TNFα antagonists 768 388 380 0.50 (0.33, 0.75) 0.33 (0.17, 0.64) 0.76 (0.41, 1.43)
Adalimumab 367 163 204 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) 0.32 (0.12, 0.86) 0.81 (0.38, 1.75)
Certolizumab 33 25 8 0.86 (0.22, 3.34) 0.58 (0.08, 4.01) 1.68 (0.34, 8.2)
Etanercept 183 105 78 0.37 (0.16, 0.88) 0.13 (0.02, 0.97) 0.71 (0.27, 1.9)
Golimumab 65 35 30 0.46 (0.12, 1.81) 0.42 (0.06, 2.94) 0.56 (0.07, 4.28)
Infliximab 120 60 60 0.71 (0.31, 1.64) 0.7 (0.22, 2.23) 0.81 (0.24, 2.71)
Anti- pro-inflammatory ILs (IL6/12/17/23) 279 136 143 0.47 (0.24, 0.92) 0.57 (0.24, 1.34) 0.44 (0.15, 1.27)
Anti-IL17 69 26 43 0.2 (0.03, 1.38) NA 0.37 (0.05, 2.56)
Anti-IL23(12) 158 68 90 0.8 (0.39, 1.65) 1.19 (0.5, 2.82) 0.57 (0.16, 2)
Synthetic DMARDs2 850 583 267 0.62 (0.43, 0.91) 0.68 (0.43, 1.07) 0.59 (0.31, 1.15)
Methotrexate 538 366 172 0.71 (0.46, 1.08) 0.7 (0.42, 1.19) 0.81 (0.4, 1.68) 0.74 (0.48, 1.12) 0.74 (0.44, 1.24) 0.84 (0.41, 1.72)
Leflunomide 116 86 30 0.66 (0.28, 1.58) 0.81 (0.29, 2.27) 0.36 (0.07, 1.75) 0.66 (0.27, 1.57) 0.8 (0.28, 2.23) 0.36 (0.07, 1.79)
Chloroquine /Hydroxychloroquine 115 105 10 0.76 (0.36, 1.62) 0.75 (0.32, 1.76) 1.2 (0.21, 6.79) 0.81 (0.38, 1.71) 0.79 (0.34, 1.86) 1.27 (0.23, 7.16)
Glucocorticoids
≤ 10 mg/day 441 347 94 0.94 (0.61, 1.43) 0.72 (0.42, 1.22) 2.06 (1.01, 4.21) 0.87 (0.57, 1.33) 0.67 (0.4, 1.12) 2.05 (0.97, 4.3) 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) 0.65 (0.39, 1.1) 1.94 (0.93, 4.04)
> 10 mg/day 86 62 24 1.76 (0.90, 3.45) 1.62 (0.75, 3.52) 2.20 (0.53, 9.24) 1.69 (0.87, 3.27) 1.61 (0.75, 3.43) 1.78 (0.43, 7.39) 1.7 (0.88, 3.3) 1.71 (0.8, 3.68) 1.78 (0.43, 7.34)
Anti-hypertensive3 684 428 256 1.08 (0.76, 1.52) 1.04 (0.7, 1.54) 1.11 (0.56, 2.21)
ACE inhibitors 397 237 160 0.81 (0.51, 1.28) 0.85 (0.50, 1.44) 0.73 (0.31, 1.71) 0.8 (0.51, 1.27) 0.84 (0.5, 1.43) 0.72 (0.3, 1.68)
ARBs 293 194 99 1.55 (1.03, 2.33) 1.33 (0.84, 2.13) 2.07 (0.94, 4.56) 1.59 (1.06, 2.39) 1.36 (0.85, 2.18) 2.11 (0.95, 4.66)
Chronic NSAIDs 498 345 153 1.22 (0.85, 1.75) 1.14 (0.74, 1.74) 1.37 (0.71, 2.67) 1.2 (0.84, 1.71) 1.12 (0.73, 1.7) 1.29 (0.67, 2.49) 1.21 (0.85, 1.72) 1.13 (0.74, 1.72) 1.31 (0.67, 2.58)
*Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs. *Reference categories for clinical characteristics are individuals without that comorbidity. Reference categories for treatments are unexposed individuals. AModel 1 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, biologic DMARDs, synthetic DMARDs, , glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensive drugs and chronic NSAIDs. BModel 2 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, TNFα antagonists, IL-6/12/17/23 antagonists, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CModel 3 contains the following explanatory or exposure variables: sex, age, CV disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, active cancer or treatment, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and chronic NSAIDs. CV= cardiovascular. DMARDs= disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. JAK=Janus kinase. IL=interleukin. TNF=tumor necrosis factor. NSAIDs= non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARBs= angiotensin II receptor blockers. N=number of observations or exposed individuals. 1Biologic DMARDs include TNF antagonists, pro-inflammatory ILs antagonists, vedolizumab and T and B lymphocyte antagonists. 2Synthetic DMARDs include methotrexate, JAK inhibitors, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and apremilast. 3Anti-hypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors and ARBs.