Beta-diversity
The topological changes across seasons were also very apparent when quantifying topological change using β -diversity metrics (see Table 2). Specifically, at a threshold of 0.5, interaction turnover wasβRW =0.56, and increased with increased threshold values. In other words, there was a relatively large difference in the topology of the Fall and Spring networks. Moreover, the average interaction turnover across all thresholds was even larger;\({\overset{\overline{}}{\beta}}_{\text{WN}}=0.60\). These seasonal topological changes were largely driven by interaction rewiring (βRW ) rather than species turnover (βST ). In particular, at a threshold of 0.5, we found that \(\beta_{\text{RW}}/\beta_{\text{WN}}\approx 84\%\) whereas\(\beta_{\text{ST}}/\beta_{\text{WN}}\approx 16\%\). This indicates that 84% of interaction turnover was due to rewiring and 16% was due to species turnover. This effect of rewiring was even more dominant when averaging across all thresholds,\({\overset{\overline{}}{\beta}}_{\text{RW}}/{\overset{\overline{}}{\beta}}_{\text{WN}}\approx 87\%\), as compared to species turnover\({\overset{\overline{}}{\beta}}_{\text{ST}}/{\overset{\overline{}}{\beta}}_{\text{WN}}\approx 13\%\).