Air pollution
The annual average concentrations of air pollutants at residential addresses at birth were assigned from raster surfaces at a resolution of 100 x 100 m. Estimates for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and warm season ozone were available for the year 2000 from the ELAPSE project.20 Both air pollutants were modelled by hybrid land use regression models using data from AirBase, a database of routine air pollution measurements in the EU member states. The hybrid models for western Europe that used dispersion model estimates, land use and road data and for ozone also kriging on the residuals, were able to explain 60 % and 82 % of the variation in measured NO2 and ozone concentrations, respectively.