References
  1. Houlden V, Weich S, Porto de Albuquerque J, Jarvis S, Rees K. The relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203000.
  2. Rojas-Rueda D, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gascon M, Perez-Leon D, Mudu P. Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3(11):e469-e477.
  3. den Braver NR, Lakerveld J, Rutters F, Schoonmade LJ, Brug J, Beulens JWJ. Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):12.
  4. Twohig-Bennett C, Jones A. The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environ Res. 2018;166:628-637.
  5. Markevych I, Schoierer J, Hartig T, Chudnovsky A, Hystad P, Dzhambov AM, et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ Res. 2017;158:301-317.
  6. von Mutius E, Vercelli D. Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy. Nat Rev. 2010;10:861‐868.
  7. Rook GA. Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(46):18360-18367.
  8. Erbas B, Jazayeri M, Lambert KA, Katelaris CH, Prendergast LA, Tham R, et al. Outdoor pollen is a trigger of child and adolescent asthma emergency department presentations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2018;73(8):1632-1641.
  9. Lambert KA, Bowatte G, Tham R, Lodge C, Prendergast L, Heinrich J, et al. Residential greenness and allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2017;159:212-221.
  10. Lambert KA, Bowatte G, Tham R, Lodge CJ, Prendergast LA, Heinrich J, et al. Greenspace and Atopic Sensitization in Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(11):2539.
  11. Fuertes E, Markevych I, von Berg A, Bauer CP, Berdel D, Koletzko S, et al. Greenness and allergies: evidence of differential associations in two areas in Germany. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(8):787-790.
  12. Fuertes E, Markevych I, Bowatte G, Gruzieva O, Gehring U, Becker A, et al. Residential greenness is differentially associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in seven birth cohorts. Allergy 2016;71(10):1461–1471.
  13. Beck I, Jochner S, Gilles S, McIntyre M, Buters JT, Schmidt-Weber C, et al. High environmental ozone levels lead to enhanced allergenicity of birch pollen. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80147.
  14. Eisenman TS, Churkina G, Jariwala SP, Kumar P, Lovasi G, Pataki DE, et al. Urban trees, air quality, and asthma: An interdisciplinary review. Landscape and Urban Planning 2019;187:47–59.
  15. Heinrich J, Brüske I, Cramer C, Hoffmann U, Schnappinger M, Schaaf B, et al. GINIplus and LISAplus - Design and selected results of two German birth cohorts about natural course of atopic diseases and their determinants. Allergol Select. 2017;1(1):85–95.
  16. Zutavern A, Brockow I, Schaaf B, Bolte G, von Berg A, Diez U, et al. Timing of solid food introduction in relation to atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2006;117:401–411.
  17. Markevych I, Standl M, Lehmann I, von Berg A, Heinrich J. Food diversity during the first year of life and allergic diseases until 15 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017c;140(6):1751-1754.e4.
  18. Tucker CJ. Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 1979;8(2):127-150.
  19. Dadvand P, Sunyer J, Basagaña X, Ballester F, Lertxundi A, Fernández-Somoano A, et al. Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(10):1481-1487.
  20. de Hoogh K, Chen J, Gulliver J, Hoffmann B, Hertel O, Ketzel M, et al. Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3and BC models for Western Europe - Evaluation of spatiotemporal stability. Environ Int. 2018;120:81-92.
  21. Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Generalized additive models. Stat Sc. 1986;1(3):297-318.
  22. Annerstedt van den Bosch M, Mudu P, Uscila V, Barrdahl M, Kulinkina A, Staatsen B, et al. Development of an urban green space indicator and the public health rationale. Scand J Public Health 2016;44(2):159-67.
  23. R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012. [http://www.R-project.org/].
  24. Højsgaard S, Halekoh U, Yan J. The R Package geepack for Generalized Estimating Equations. Journal of Statistical Software 2006;15(2):1-11.
  25. Wood SN. Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (B) 2011;73(1):3-36.
  26. Hsieh CJ, Yu PY, Tai CJ, Jan RH, Wen TH, Lin SW, et al. Association between the First Occurrence of Asthma and Residential Greenness in Children and Teenagers in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2076.
  27. Tischer C, Gascon M, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardón A, Lertxundi Materola A, Ibarluzea J, et al. Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children. Eur Respir J. 2017:49.
  28. Andrusaityte S, Grazuleviciene R, Kudzyte J, Bernotiene A, Dedele A, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Associations between neighbourhood greenness and asthma in preschool children in Kaunas, Lithuania: a case-control study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010341.
  29. Eldeirawi K, Kunzweiler C, Zenk S, Finn P, Nyenhuis S, Rosenberg N, et al. Associations of urban greenness with asthma and respiratory symptoms in Mexican American children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;122(3):289-295.
  30. Squillacioti G, Bellisario V, Levra S, Piccioni P, Bono R. Greenness Availability and Respiratory Health in a Population of Urbanised Children in North-Western Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):108.
  31. Donovan GH, Gatziolis D, Longley I, Douwes J. Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: results from a large New Zealand birth cohort. Nat Plants. 2018;4(6):358-364.
  32. Sbihi H, Koehoorn M, Tamburic L, Brauer M. Asthma Trajectories in a Population-based Birth Cohort. Impacts of Air Pollution and Greenness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(5):607-613.
  33. Dadvand P, Villanueva CM, Font-Ribera L, Martinez D, Basagaña X, Belmonte J, et al. Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: a cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(12):1329-35.
  34. Li L, Hart JE, Coull BA, Cao SJ, Spengler JD, Adamkiewicz G. Effect of Residential Greenness and Nearby Parks on Respiratory and Allergic Diseases among Middle School Adolescents in a Chinese City. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(6):991.
  35. Gernes R, Brokamp C, Rice GE, Wright JM, Kondo MC, Michael YL, et al. Using high-resolution residential greenspace measures in an urban environment to assess risks of allergy outcomes in children. Sci Total Environ. 2019;668:760-767.
  36. Lovasi GS, O’Neil-Dunne JP, Lu JW, Sheehan D, Perzanowski MS, Macfaden SW, et al. Urban tree canopy and asthma, wheeze, rhinitis, and allergic sensitization to tree pollen in a New York City birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(4):494-500.
  37. de Weger LA, Bergmann KC, Rantio-Lehtimäki A, Dahl Å, Buters J, Déchamp C, et al. Impact of pollen. In: Sofiev M., Bergmann KC. (Eds.). Allergenic Pollen. Dordrecht Springer, 2013: 161-215.
  38. Buters JT, Kasche A, Weichenmeier I, Schober W, Klaus S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, et al. Year-to-year variation in release of Bet v 1 allergen from birch pollen: evidence for geographical differences between West and South Germany. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;145(2):122-30.
  39. Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J. Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0174050.
  40. Li S, Williams G, Jalaludin B, Baker P. Panel studies of air pollution on children’s lung function and respiratory symptoms: a literature review. J Asthma. 2012;49(9):895-910.
  41. Frank U, Ernst D. Effects of NO2 and Ozone on Pollen Allergenicity. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:91.
  42. Cuinica LG, Abreu I, da Silva J. Effect of air pollutant NO2 on Betula pendula, Ostrya carpinifolia and Carpinus betulus pollen fertility and human allergenicity. Environ Pollut 2014;186:50–55.
  43. Sousa R, Duque L, Duarte AJ, Gomes CR, Ribeiro H, Cruz A, et al. In vitro exposure of Acer negundo pollen to atmospheric levels of SO2 and NO2: effects on allergenicity and germination. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46:2406–2412.
  44. Zhao F, Durner J, Winkler JB, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Strom TM, Ernst D, et al. Pollen of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): Illumina-based de novo sequencing and differential transcript expression upon elevated NO2/O3. Environ Pollut. 2017;224:503-514.
  45. Murphy JG, Day DA, Cleary PA, Wooldridge PJ, Millet DB, Goldstein AH, et al. The weekend effect within and downwind of Sacramento? Part 1: Observations of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and VOC reactivity. Atmos Chem Phys. 2007;7(20):5327-5339.
  46. Roberts-Semple D, Song F, Gao Y. Seasonal characteristics of ambient nitrogen oxides and ground-level ozone in metropolitan northeastern New Jersey. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2012;3:247-257.
  47. Bergmann CH, Zuberbier T, Augustin J, Mücke HG, Straff W. Climate change and pollen allergy: cities and municipalities should take people suffering from pollen allergy into account when planting in public spaces. Allergo J. 2012;21(2):103-107.
  48. Cariñanos P, Casares-Porcel M. Urban green zones and related pollen allergy: A review. Some guidelines for designing spaces with low allergy impact. Landscape & Urban Planning 2011;101(3):205-214.
  49. Roloff A, Korn S, Gilner S. The Climate-Species-Matrix to select tree species for urban habitats considering climate change. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2009;8:295-308.
  50. Gillner S, Vogt J, Tharang A, Roloff A. Role of street trees in mitigating effects of heat and drought at highly sealed urban sites. Landscape & Urban Planning. 2015;143:33-42.
  51. McPherson EG, Berry AM, can Doorn NS. Performance testing to identify climate-ready trees. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018;29:28-39.
  52. Gehrig R, Gassner M, Schmid-Grendmeier P. Alnus x spaethii pollen can cause allergies already at Christmas. Aerobiologia. 2015;31:239-247.
  53. McInnes RN, Hemming D, Burgess P, Lyndsay D, Osborne NJ, Skjøth CA, et al. Mapping allergenic pollen vegetation in UK to study environmental exposure and human health. Sci Total Environ. 2017;599-600:483-499.
Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of the analytic sample