c
Figure Legends
Figure 1. Example Preponini species. Butterflies shown (from left to right across each row): Archaeoprepona licomedes, A. demophon, A. demophoon, A. amphimachus, A. meander, A. camilla, A. chalciope, A. priene, Mesoprepona pheridamas, Prepona dexamenus, P. laertes, P. werneri, P. gnorima, P. deiphile, P. praeneste, P. narcissus, P. aedon, P. hewitsonius, P. claudina, P. amydon. Photos by P. S. Padrón and A. Warren.
Figure 2. Ancestral reconstruction of the mode RGB red channel for the Cell 1 and lineage-through-time plot (solid blue line). Blue dotted line denotes expectation of lineage accumulation under a pure birth process. Red, blue, and gray triangles highlight branches where a jump in color was identified for the blue, red and total channels in Cells 1, 2, and 3 (see text for details). Vertical color bars denote the red and blue Preponini clades. Abbreviations follow: PL: Pliocene, P: Pleistocene. Butterflies shown (from top to bottom): Prepona claudina, P. laertes, Mesoprepona pheridamas, and Archaeoprepona licomedes. Photos by P. S. Padrón.
Figure 3.Biogeographical range estimates for the tribe Preponini based on the DEC model. Dotted gray lines delimit the time slices used in the stratified analysis. Upward black triangles denote periods of increased Andean uplift (Hoorn et al. 2010), downward black triangles denote periods of increased biological migration between Central and South America, and downward white triangle denotes initial faunal exchange between Central and South America ~41 Ma (Bacon et al. 2015). Roman numerals in nodes refer to the main text. Abbreviations follow: PL: Pliocene, P: Pleistocene. Butterflies shown (from top to bottom):Archaeoprepona meander, A. chalciope, A. licomedes, A. priene, Mesoprepona pheridamas, Prepona laertes, P. werneri, P. praeneste, P. narcissus, P. claudina. Photos by P. S. Padrón and EOA.
Data accessibility statement
Most DNA data has been deposited in GenBank. The remaining data will be archived upon acceptance of the manuscript.
Competing interest statement
We declare no conflict of interests.
Autor contributions
EOA and KRW conceived and designed the study. EOA gathered the data. EOA and JPG performed analyses and drafted the manuscript. ME, EFAT and KRW assisted with the analyses and manuscript writing. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We are deeply grateful to everyone that was involved in the field and who donated material to be included in this study. We thank P. S. Padrón and A. Warren for providing some photographs. We thank the collection managers in the institutions we visited for allowing us to access the specimens. We thank Dr. Lei Xiao for her invaluable help in the molecular laboratory. We are also thankful to our funding sources: Sigma Xi (Grants-in-Aid of Research G20100315153261), the Center for Systematic Entomology, the Council of the Linnean Society and the Systematics Association for the Systematics Research Fund, the William C. and Bertha M. Cornett Fellowship, the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the Florida Foundation, the AMNH collections study grant, and COLCIENCIAS Doctorados en el exterior 2016 awarded to EOA.