c
Figure Legends
Figure 1. Example Preponini species. Butterflies shown (from
left to right across each row): Archaeoprepona licomedes, A.
demophon, A. demophoon, A. amphimachus, A. meander, A. camilla, A.
chalciope, A. priene, Mesoprepona pheridamas, Prepona dexamenus, P.
laertes, P. werneri, P. gnorima, P. deiphile, P. praeneste, P.
narcissus, P. aedon, P. hewitsonius, P. claudina, P. amydon. Photos by
P. S. Padrón and A. Warren.
Figure 2. Ancestral reconstruction of the mode RGB red channel
for the Cell 1 and lineage-through-time plot (solid blue line). Blue
dotted line denotes expectation of lineage accumulation under a pure
birth process. Red, blue, and gray triangles highlight branches where a
jump in color was identified for the blue, red and total channels in
Cells 1, 2, and 3 (see text for details). Vertical color bars denote the
red and blue Preponini clades. Abbreviations follow: PL: Pliocene, P:
Pleistocene. Butterflies shown (from top to bottom): Prepona
claudina, P. laertes, Mesoprepona pheridamas, and Archaeoprepona
licomedes. Photos by P. S. Padrón.
Figure 3.Biogeographical range estimates for the tribe Preponini based on the DEC
model. Dotted gray lines delimit the time slices used in the stratified
analysis. Upward black triangles denote periods of increased Andean
uplift (Hoorn et al. 2010), downward black triangles denote periods of
increased biological migration between Central and South America, and
downward white triangle denotes initial faunal exchange between Central
and South America ~41 Ma (Bacon et al. 2015). Roman
numerals in nodes refer to the main text. Abbreviations follow: PL:
Pliocene, P: Pleistocene. Butterflies shown (from top to bottom):Archaeoprepona meander, A. chalciope, A. licomedes, A. priene,
Mesoprepona pheridamas, Prepona laertes, P. werneri, P. praeneste, P.
narcissus, P. claudina. Photos by P. S. Padrón and EOA.
Data accessibility statement
Most DNA data has been deposited in GenBank. The remaining data will be
archived upon acceptance of the manuscript.
Competing interest statement
We declare no conflict of interests.
Autor contributions
EOA and KRW conceived and designed the study. EOA gathered the data. EOA
and JPG performed analyses and drafted the manuscript. ME, EFAT and KRW
assisted with the analyses and manuscript writing. All authors have
approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We are deeply grateful to everyone that was involved in the field and
who donated material to be included in this study. We thank P. S. Padrón
and A. Warren for providing some photographs. We thank the collection
managers in the institutions we visited for allowing us to access the
specimens. We thank Dr. Lei Xiao for her invaluable help in the
molecular laboratory. We are also thankful to our funding sources: Sigma
Xi (Grants-in-Aid of Research G20100315153261), the Center for
Systematic Entomology, the Council of the Linnean Society and the
Systematics Association for the Systematics Research Fund, the William
C. and Bertha M. Cornett Fellowship, the College of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, the Florida Foundation, the AMNH collections study grant,
and COLCIENCIAS Doctorados en el exterior 2016 awarded to EOA.