REFERENCES
[1]. RodloffA , GoldsteinE , TorresA .Two decadesofimipenem therapy.J Antimi- crob Chemother 2006;58:916–29.
[2]. Joseph J, Rodvold KA. The role of carbapenems in the treatment of severe nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9(4): 561-575.
[3] Tieu JD, William RS 2nd, Skrepnek GH, et al. Pharmacokinetic changes of antibiotic, antiviral, antituberculosis and antifungal agents during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill adult patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017;42(6):661-671
[4]. Pajot O, Burdet C, Couffignal C, et al. Impact of imipenem and amikacin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters on microbiological outcome of Gram-negative bacilli ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70(5): 1487-1494.
[5]. Seo YB, Lee J, Kim YK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime and ertapenem for the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17(1): 404.
[6]. A. Bricheux, L. Lenggenhager, S. Hughes, A. Karmime, P. Lescuyer, A. Therapeutic drug monitoring of imipenem and the incidence of toxicity and failure in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;25(3):383.e1-383.e4.
[7]. McKinnon P, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ. Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31(4): 345-351.
[8]. Li C, Du X, Kuti JL, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(5): 1725-30.
[9]. Lipš M, Siller M, Strojil J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of imipenem in critically ill patients during empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a comparison of 0.5-h and 3-h infusions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44(4): 358-362.
[10].Yoshida M, Takasu Y, Shimizu K, et al, Prediction of the stability of imipenem in intravenous mixtures. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013;61(1): 1-7.
[11].Pratik Bhagunde, Zufei Zhang, Fred Racine, Donna Carr, Jin Wu, Katherine Young. A Translational Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model to Characterize Bacterial Kill in the Presence of Imipenem-Relebactam. Int J Infect Dis 2019;12(89):55-61.
[12].Sanwang Li, Feifan Xie. Population pharmacokinetics and simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2019;53(1):98-105.
[13]. Ide T, Takesue Y, Ikawa K, et al. Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of linezolid in sepsis patients with and without continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018;51(5):745-751.
[14]. Couffignal C, Pajot O, Laouénan C, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of imipenem in critically ill patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and evaluation of dosage regimens. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015;78(5):1022-1034.
[15]. Galani I, Nafplioti K, Chatzikonstantinou M, et al. In vitro evaluation of double-carbapenem combinations against OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using time-kill studies. J Med Microbiol 2018;3(67):662-668.
[16]. Lee W, Cai Y, Lim TP, Teo J, Chua SC, Kwa AL. In vitro pharmacodynamics and PK/PD in animals. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1145:105–116.
[17]. Wu J, Racine F, Wismer MK, Young K, Carr DM, Xiao JC, et al. Exploring the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of relebactam (MK-7655) in combination with imipenem in a hollow-fiber infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018;62(5):e02323.
[18]. Motsch J, de Oliveira CM, Stus V, Köksal I, Lyulko O, Boucher HW, et al. RESTORE-IMI 1: a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind trial comparing efficacy and safety of imipenem/relebactam vs colistin plus omipenem in patients with imipenem-nonsusceptible bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70(9):1799-1808.
[19]. Dulhunty JM, Roberts JA, Davis JS, et al. A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192(11):1298-305.
[20] Sutep Jaruratanasirikul, Veerapong Vattanavanit, Maseetoh Samaeng, Monchana Nawakitrangsan, Somchai Sriwiriyajan. Pharmacokinetics of Imipenem in Critically Ill Patients with Life‑threatening Severe Infections During Support with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Clin Drug Investig 2019;39(8):787-798.
[21]. Tambo M, Taguchi S, Nakamura Y, Okegawa T, Fukuhara H. Presepsin and procalcitonin as predictors of sepsis based on the new Sepsis-3 definitions in obstructive acute pyelonephritis. BMC Urol 2020;20(1):23.
[22]. Charles PE, Tinel C, Barbar S, et al. Procalcitonin kinetics within the first days of sepsis: relationship with the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and the outcome. Crit Care 2009;13(2):1-11.
[23]. Hohn A, Heising B, Schütte JK, et al. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2017;402(1): 1-13.
[24]. Smith SE, Muir J, Kalabalik-Hoganson J. Procalcitonin in special patient populations: Guidance for antimicrobial therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(10):745-758.
Table 1. Patients’ basic information of different groups