Cognitive status
The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate the
cognitive status of participants.20 The MMSE has a
total of 13 items, with a total score of 33, and only takes 5-10 minutes
to complete. It is a simple quantitative assessment scale that is widely
used in clinics and research to evaluate cognitive function and screen
cognitive impairment. The higher the score is, the better the cognitive
function. The test-retest reliability is good, and the correlation
coefficient of inter-rater reliability is .8.20 An
MMSE score below 25 is defined as cognitive dysfunction.