References :
  1. Phillips E.Embryology, normal anatomy, and anomalies Ferris E.J., Hipona F.A., Kahn P.C., Phillips E., Shapiro J.H. (Eds.), Venography of the inferior vena cava and its branches, Williams 8 Wilkins, Baltimore (1969), pp. 1-32 .
  2. Leg Ulceration in Chronic Venous Insufficiency Caused by an Absent Inferior Vena Cava Hiroo Amano, Yayoi Nagai, Yukie Endo, Tomoko Iwasaki and Osamu Ishikawa Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
  3. Arrazola L, Long A, Moss A, Sozen H, Najarian J. An absent inferior vena cava in a pediatric renal transplant recipient. Clin Transplant 2000; 14: 360–362. 4. Dougherty MJ, Calligaro KD, DeLaurentis DA. Congenitally absent inferior vena cava presenting in adulthood with venous stasis and ulceration: a surgically treated case. J Vasc Surg 1996; 23: 141–146.