RoA: Intravenous (IV) Subcutaneous (SC) Intramuscular (IM)
Delivery frequency Low frequency High frequency High frequency
Delivery time Hours Seconds Seconds
Absorption Fast absorption (Tmax 0.5-4 hours) Slow absorption (Tmax 2-14 days) Slow absorption (Tmax 2-14 days)
Bioavailability 100% ~65% ~80%
Half-Life Similar for all routes Similar for all routes Similar for all routes
Dose Low High High
Concentration Diluted solutions High concentrations High concentrations
Volume High injection volume Low injection volume Low injection volume
Injection device Saline drips, syringe Vial and syringe, pre-filled syringe, pre-filled pen, autoinjectors Syringe
Formulation for storage Lyophilized powder for reconstitution, liquid formulations in vials or syringes Liquid formulations containing excipients in single-use syringes/pens Lyophilized powder for reconstitution, liquid formulations in vials or syringes
Injection angle 25° 45° 90°
Immunogenicity Low Higher ADA events Low
Patient compliance Low (invasive, need for professional assistance) Higher (self-administration, less invasive) Low (invasive)