Fixed effect Coeffi-cients a) Standard error Confidence interval p Effect size b) Relia-bility Impact threshold Confound threshold
Outbreak rate 154.947 0.003 [148.685; 161.209] <0.001 0.845
State institutions
Party control e) -2.271 0.006 [-14.382; 9.840] 0.715 -4.542 0.187 81.775%
Gender of governor f) -3.441 0.005 [-15.034; 8.152] 0.564 -8.823 0.162 71.154%
Government spending 0.820 0.001 [-2.318; 3.958] 0.611 0.314 0.170 74.603%
People cultural values
Collectivism 0.998 0.000 [0.351; 1.645] 0.004 0.088 0.181 33.316%
Racial composition
Black & African American 1.158 0.000 [0.725; 1.591] <0.001 0.242 0.091 62.563%
Collectivism (cross-level) -0.049 0.000 [-0.088; -0.010] 0.014 0.014 19.933%
Native American 0.763 0.000 [-0.209; 1.735] 0.124 0.100 0.011 21.581%
Asian American 1.305 0.001 [0.166; 2.444] 0.025 0.441 0.008 12.666%
Native Hawaiian 1.478 0.000 [0.506; 2.450] 0.538 1.369 0.034 68.554%
Hispanic American -0.447 0.000 [-0.915; 0.021] 0.061 -0.031 0.002 4.657%
Income & education
Household income c) -3.854 0.002 [-7.437; -0.271] 0.035 -2.733 0.004 6.957%
Nonproficiency in English 2.090 0.001 [0.547; 3.633] 0.008 0.560 0.019 26.133%
Math grade d) -0.002 0.000 [-0.004; 0.000] <0.001 0.000 0.001 1.895%
Other demographics
Persons under 18 years 1.066 0.001 [-0.014; 2.146] 0.053 0.305 0.001 1.375%
Median age 0.657 0.000 [-0.033; 1.347] 0.062 0.107 0.002 4.851%
Female persons 0.167 0.001 [-0.880; 1.214] 0.755 0.054 0.042 84.058%
Personal health
Social associations -2.027 0.000 [-2.911; -1.143] <0.001 -0.343 0.070 56.354%
Sleep deprivation 1.557 0.001 [0.412; 2.702] 0.008 0.363 0.020 26.423%
Preventable hospitalization 0.001 0.000 [-0.001; 0.003] 0.207 0.000 0.024 49.022%
Obesity -1.093 0.000 [-1.828; -0.358] 0.004 -0.243 0.027 32.698%
Smoking -0.784 0.001 [-3.150; 1.582] 0.516 -0.221 0.033 66.888%
External health
Air pollution 3.329 0.001 [1.465; 5.193] <0.001 1.707 0.043 43.962%
Rural area -0.443 0.000 [-0.574; -0.312] <0.001 -0.014 0.127 70.332%
Food environment 5.996 0.002 [1.286; 10.706] 0.016 3.945 0.284 0.015 21.384%
Other confounders
Outbreak date 1.912 0.000 [1.322; 2.502] <0.001 0.205 0.622 0.121 69.119%
Density 0.050 0.000 [-0.009; 0.109] 0.095 0.000 0.007 15.037%
Temperature 0.301 0.000 [-0.518; 1.120] 0.472 0.026 0.031 63.291%