Scheme 1. (a) Reaction sequence for the synthesis of UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 and trimesoyl chloride (TMC)-functionalized UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 nanoparticles. (b) Schematic diagram for the fabrication ofthin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes via the covalent bonding between metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and TMC (UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 was used as an example of MOF). Here 2-NH2-BDC, DMF, PAN, HPAN, DETA, and IP denote 2-aminoterephthalic acid, N,N-dimethylformamide, polyacrylonitrile, hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile, diethylenetriamine, and interfacial polymerization, respectively.