Step
|
AlphaGo Zero
Silver et al. 2017
|
Hummingbird Traplining
Tello-Ramos et al. 2015
|
Crane Migration
Mueller et al. 2013
|
Experimental Elk Translocation
(Frair et al. 2007
|
Sheep and Moose Migration
Jesmer et al. 2018
|
Task |
Win |
Forage efficiently |
Migrate efficiently |
Exploit
environment optimally |
Exploit environment optimally |
Experience |
Repeated play against self |
Movement within a controlled
array of feeders |
Repeated migration journeys across years |
Movement
away from initial capture/release location |
Movement and population
persistence over decades |
Performance measure
|
Victories
|
Path distance per bout
|
Deviations from straight-line migratory path
|
Settlement and survival rate
|
Proportion of green wave exploited
Percent of population migrating
|
Demonstrated improvement over time (or in comparison to benchmark)
|
Increased competitive ranking
|
Decreased length of movement path
|
Decreased length of
migratory journey
|
Increased rate of residency
|
Increased migratory tracking and universal migration
|
Plausible learning mechanisms
|
Reinforcement learning
|
Positive reinforcement
|
Spatial memory
Social learning
Positive reinforcement
|
Positive reinforcement
(forage)
Negative reinforcement (predation)
Horizontal social transmission
|
Vertical transmission
Positive reinforcement
(individual moose foraging)
Positive reinforcement
(social sheep foraging)
Cultural transmission
|
Alternative
explanations
|
Not necessary
|
Controlled experiment
|
Tested and rejected wind-mediated movement and ontogeny
|
Mortality-mediated natural selection
|
Mortality-mediated natural selection
Population growth and expansion
Kinesis
|
Evidence of learning?
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Consistent with learning but not direct evidence.
Population-level rather than individual-level metrics impede direct
evidence for learning.
|
Consistent with learning but not direct evidence.
Population-level rather than individual-level metrics impede direct
evidence for learning.
|