Task
|
Maximize consumption
Reduce predation
|
Forage efficiently
|
Forage efficiently and survive
|
Patrol
|
Experience |
Movement |
Movement among patches |
Movement |
Movement |
Model prediction |
Consumption and predator encounter rate |
Patch
selection |
Redistribution kernel |
Entire movement path |
Null model
|
Context-dependent behavioural switching
|
Connectivity, size, and quality of patch
|
Forage quality, predation risk, competitors, and snow
|
Movement in response to prey density
Distance to territory boundary
|
Information updated
|
Location and quality of forage and encounters
|
Location and quality of patches
Memory of past patch quality
|
Location and quality of habitat
|
Time since last visit to territorial locations
|
Improvement via learning |
Learning forager outperforms null model |
Learning forager is more efficient |
Yes |
Yes |
Plausible connections to fitness
|
Foraging efficiency
Reducing encounters with predators
|
Past experience leads to foraging in higher quality patches
|
Past experience leads to better habitat use
|
Territorial maintenance and defense
|
Plausible learning mechanism |
Sampling and trial-and-error plus
reinforcement |
Positive reinforcement |
Positive reinforcement |
Positive reinforcement |