Figure S11. The representative patterns of the suberin deposition of the SLRs.
Figure S12. The enlargement of the suberin deposition in the SLRs. 1, epidermis; 2, exodermis; 3, sclerenchyma; 4, endodermis.
Figure S13. The representative cross-sections at differentiation zones of small lateral roots and images of the whole SLRs stained with berberine-aniline blue. Autofluorescence of cell walls is detected as blue. 1, epidermis; 2, exodermis; 3, sclerenchyma; 4, endodermis. Red line indicate the position of cross-section.
Figure S14. The permeabilities of the exodermis and endodermis were evaluated using PI. Red fluorescence indicates that PI penetrated into root tissues. (A) The transverse sections from different zones of primary roots stained with lower concentration PI. The section positions from the root tip were marked at the left. Scale bar: 75μm (B) The transverse sections of small lateral roots stained with lower concentration PI. (C) The transverse sections from different zones of primary roots stained with higher concentration PI.
Figure S15. The permeabilities of the endodermis were evaluated using berberine-aniline blue. Autofluorescence of cell walls is detected as blue. Arrow head, endodermis.
Figure S16. The permeabilities of the exodermis and endodermis were evaluated using Phloroglucinol. Purple color indicates that the periodic acid penetrates into root tissues. ep, epidermis; ex, exodermis; sc, sclerenchyma; pe, pericycle; en, endodermis.
Figure S17. Mineral elemental content in the leaves of the WT and els1 mutant (g/kg Dry weight). * and ** indicate the significant differences between the WT and els1 mutant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.
Figure S18. Phenotypes of WT and els1 mutant plants grown in various media with nutrient imbalances. (A) In complete medium (CK) and without potassium (-K). (B) In medium without magnesium (-Mg). (C) Treatment with 100uM AlCl3. (D) In medium with low pH value (pH = 4.0). (E) in medium with cadmium (80uM).
Figure S19. Heatmaps of z-score–normalized expression of genes with FDR < 0.05 between the WT and els1 mutant leaves and pathways with the differentially expressed genes according to KEGG.(A) The second and third leaves from the top (marked with arrows) were collected for RNA-seq analysis, respectively. There is no obvious cell death phenotype in the second leaf and an obvious phenotype in the third leaf in the els1 mutant. 2: The second leaf from the top. 3: The third leaf from the top. WT: Wild type. (B) Venn diagram. M2 and M3: The second and third leaf of the mutant; WT2 and WT3: The second and third leaf of the WT. (C) Heatmap of the DEGs encoding antenna protein. (D) The light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex with antenna proteins marked in green color. (E) Heatmap of the DEGs encoding proteins in the electron transport chain and the ATP-synthesizing apparatus in the thylakoid membrane. (F) The electron transport chain and ATP-synthesizing apparatus in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast. (J) Heatmap of the DEGs in carbon fixation of photosynthesis. (K) The genes encoding enzymes in C3 carbon fixation pathway. The green gene ID markers indicate that the gene expressions are higher in the WT than in the mutant.
Figure S20. Heatmaps and GO analyses with DEGs (|log2 (Fold Change els2/WT)| > 1 or Padj ≤ 0.05) between the WT and els1. (A) Heatmap with DEGs of ATG genes. (B) Heatmap with DEGs of protease genes. (C) GO enrichment analysis of biological processes, cellular component, and KEGG with protease genes. (D) GO enrichment analysis of molecular activity with protease genes.
Figure S21. Heatmap and GO enrichment analyses with DEGs (|log2 (Fold change els1/WT)| > 1 or Padj ≤ 0.05) between els1 and WT. (A) Heatmap of DEGs of transporter and channel genes. (B) GO enrichment analysis of cellular component with transporter and channel genes. (C) Molecular activity. (D) Biological processes.
Table S1. The genes that regulate Casparian strip (CS) formation and suberin deposition in Arabidopsis .
Table S2. Formula of hydroponic nutrient solution used in this study (pH = 5.8).
Table S3. Comparative gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Oscasp1 mutant and wild type-cellular component.
Table S4: The primers used in this study.