REFERENCES:
1. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. European Position Paper on
Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinol J. 2020;58:1-464.
2. The World Health Report 2008 - primary Health Care (Now More Than
Ever) - https://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/ (Accessed 16th April 2020)
3. Alemayehu D, Cappelleri JC. Conceptual and Analytical Considerations
toward the Use of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Personalized Medicine. Am
Health Drug Benefits. 2012;5(5):310-7.
4. World Health Organization (WHO). Constitution of the World Health
Organization. https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/constitution
(Accessed 16th April 2020)
5. Klossek JM, Neukirch F, Pribil C, et al. Prevalence of nasal
polyposis in France: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Allergy.
2005;60(2):233-7.
6. Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, Melén I, Bende M. Prevalence of
nasal polyps in adults: the Skövde population-based study. Ann Otol
Rhinol Laryngol. 2003;112(7):625-9.
7. Hedman J, Kaprio J, Poussa T, Nieminen MM. Prevalence of asthma,
aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease in a population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28(4):717-22.
8. Settipane GA. Epidemiology of nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Proc.
1996;17(5):231-236
9. Ten Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT, et al. Chronic sinusitis
in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin
Immunol. 2002;109(4):621-626.
10. Bhattacharyya N. Incremental health care utilization and
expenditures for chronic rhinosinusitis in the United States. Ann Otol
Rhinol Laryngol. 2011;120(7):423-7.
11. Blackwell DL, Collins JG, Coles R. Summary health statistics for
U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 1997. Vital Health Stat
10. 2002;(205):1-109.
12. Sahlstrand-Johnson P, Ohlsson B, von Buchwald C, Jannert M,
Ahlner-Elmqvist M. A multi-centre study on quality of life and
absenteeism in patients with CRS referred for endoscopic surgery.
Rhinology. 2011;49(4):7.
13. Hastan D, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in
Europe - An underestimated disease. A GA2LEN study. Allergy Eur J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;66(9):1216-1223.
14. Passalacqua G, Ciprandi G, Canonica GW. United airways disease:
therapeutic aspects. Thorax. 2000;55 Suppl 2:S26-7.
15. Cassano M, Maselli A, Mora F, Cassano P. Rhinobronchial syndrome:
Pathogenesis and correlation with allergic rhinitis in children. Int J
Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(7):1053-1058.
16. Passali D, Bellussi LM, de Benedetto F, et al. Rhino-Bronchial
Syndrome. The SIO-AIMAR (Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head
Neck Surgery-Interdisciplinary Scientific Association for the Study of
the Respiratory Diseases) survey. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital.
2011;31(1):27-34.
17. The White House Administration. Fact sheet: President Obama’s
Precision Medicine Initiative. The White House - Office of the Press
Secretary.
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-precision-medicine-initiative
(Accessed 16th April 2020)
18. Canonica GW, Ferrando M, Baiardini I, et al. Asthma: personalized
and precision medicine. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol.
2018;18(1):51-58.
19. Hood L. A systems approach to medicine will transform health care.
In: Zewail AH, ed. Physical Biology: From Atoms to Medicine. London:
Imperial College Press; 2008:337-366.
20. Baiardini I, Heffler E. The Patient-Centered Decision System as per
the 4Ps of Precision Medicine. Elsevier Inc.; 2019.
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813471-9.00024-4
21. Avdeeva K, Fokkens W. Precision Medicine in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
with Nasal Polyps. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018;18(4).
doi:10.1007/s11882-018-0776-8
22. Yii ACA, Tay TR, Choo XN, et al. Precision medicine in united
airways disease: A “treatable traits” approach. Allergy Eur J Allergy
Clin Immunol. 2018;73(10):1964-1978.
23. Heffler E, Malvezzi L, Pirola F, et al. Treatable traits in chronic
rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol.
2019;19(4):373-378.
24. Takabayashi T, Schleimer RP. Formation of nasal polyps: The roles of
innate type 2 inflammation and deposition of fibrin. J Allergy Clin
Immunol. 2020;145(3):740-750.
25. Khalaf K, Paoletti G, Puggioni F, et al. Asthma from immune
pathogenesis to precision medicine. Semin Immunol. 2019;46:101294.
26. Boita M, Bucca C, Riva G, Heffler E, Rolla G. Release of Type 2
Cytokines by Epithelial Cells of Nasal Polyps. J Immunol Res.
2016;2016:2643297.
27. Heffler E, Malvezzi L, Boita M, et al. Immunological mechanisms
underlying chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Expert Rev Clin
Immunol. 2018;14(9):731-737.
28. Zhang Y, Derycke L, Holtappels G, et al. Th2 cytokines orchestrate
the secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B in IL-5-positive chronic
rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy. 2019;74(1):131-140.
29. Andrews AL, Nasir T, Bucchieri F, et al. IL-13 receptor α 2: A
regulator of IL-13 and IL-4 signal transduction in primary human
fibroblasts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(4):858-865.
30. Konkel JE, Zhang D, Zanvit P, et al. Transforming Growth Factor-β
Signaling in Regulatory T Cells Controls T Helper-17 Cells and
Tissue-Specific Immune Responses. Immunity. 2017;46(4):660-674.
31. Wan YY, Flavell RA. Regulatory T cells, transforming growth
factor-β, and immune suppression. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007;4(3):271-276.
32. Watelet JB, Claeys C, Perez-Novo C, et al. Transforming growth
factor beta1 in nasal remodeling: differences between chronic
rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol. 2004;18(5):267-72.
33. Shieh JM, Tsai YJ, Chi JC, Wu WB. TGFβ mediates collagen production
in human CRSsNP nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts through
Smad2/3-dependent pathway and CTGF induction and secretion. J Cell
Physiol. 2019;234(7):10489-10499.
34. Van Bruaene N, Derycke L, Perez-Novo CA, et al. TGF-beta signaling
and collagen deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin
Immunol. 2009;124(2):253-9
35. Bayar Muluk N, Cingi C, Scadding GK, Scadding G. Chronic
Rhinosinusitis—Could Phenotyping or Endotyping Aid Therapy? Am J
Rhinol Allergy. 2019;33(1):83-93.
36. Bachert C, Zhang N, Cavaliere C, et al. Biologics for chronic
rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2020;145(3):725-739.
37. Karatzanis A, Chatzidakis A, Milioni A, et al. Contemporary Use of
Corticosteroids in Rhinology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(2):11.
38. Canonica GW, Malvezzi L, Blasi F, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with
nasal polyps impact in severe asthma patients: Evidences from the Severe
Asthma Network Italy (SANI) registry. Respir Med. 2020;166:105947.
39. Hox V, Lourijsen E, Jordens A, et al. Benefits and harm of systemic
steroids for short- and long-term use in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: an
EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10:1.
40. Canonica GW, Colombo GL, Bruno GM, et al. Shadow cost of oral
corticosteroids-related adverse events: A pharmacoeconomic evaluation
applied to real-life data from the Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI)
registry. World Allergy Organ J. 2019;12(1):100007.
41. Stammberger H. 2. Surgical treatment of nasal polyps: past, present
and future. Allergy. 2008;54(I):7-11.
42. Alsharif S, Jonstam K, van Zele T, et al. Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
for Type-2 CRS wNP: An Endotype-Based Retrospective Study. Laryngoscope.
2019;129(6):1286-1292.
43. Malvezzi L, Pirola F, De Virgilio A, Heffler E. Long-lasting
clinical, radiological and immunological remission of severe nasal
polyposis by means of ’reboot’ surgery. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(4).
44. Fokkens WJ, Lund V, Bachert C, et al. EUFOREA consensus on biologics
for CRSwNP with or without asthma. Allergy. 2019;74(12):2312-2319.
45. Gevaert P, Calus L, Van Zele T, et al. Omalizumab is effective in
allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma. J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(1):110-6.
46. Pinto J, Mehta N, DeTineo M, et al. A randomized double blind
placebo controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis.
Rhinology. 2010;48:318-324.
47. Gevaert P, Bachert C, Corren J, et al. D450 OMALIZUMAB EFFICACY AND
SAFETY IN NASAL POLYPOSIS: RESULTS FROM TWO PARALLEL, DOUBLE-BLIND,
PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019;123:S14-S17.
48. Bachert C, Sousa AR, Lund VJ, et al. Reduced need for surgery in
severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: Randomized trial. J Allergy
Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):1024-1031
49. Andrews A-L, Holloway JW, Holgate ST, Davies DE. IL-4 receptor α is
an important modulator of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor binding: Implications
for the development of therapeutic targets. J Immunol.
2006;176(12):7456-7461. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7456
50. Bachert C, Han JK, Desrosiers M, Hellings PW, et al. Efficacy and
safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with
nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): results from
two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
parallel-group phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019 Nov 2;394(10209):1638-1650.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31881-1.