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Figure 1. Hypothetical effect of plant species richness and heterotroph presence on ecosystem flux per unit area (panel C) is a joint outcome of effects of plant species richness and heterotroph presence on mass-specific flux (panel A) and plant biomass per unit area (panel B). While the increase in biomass per unit area with increasing diversity and upon removal of heterotrophs (B) is well established (e.g., Seabloom et al. 2017), it is less clear how mass-specific fluxes are impacted by biodiversity and presence of heterotrophs. Variation in mass-specific flux (A) could lead to a large variation in total flux per unit area (C). Line color indicates the effects of presence (red) or absence (blue) of heterotrophs on flux and biomass. Line type indicates whether flux per unit plant biomass increases (solid), remains constant (dotted) or declines (dashed) with plant diversity.