Colon pathological changes
To further evaluate the protective effects of T. spiralis inC. rodentium infection, on day 14 after the start of modelling, distal colon samples were collected and evaluated by H&E staining. As expected, no pathogenic changes were observed in either the control group or TS groups (Fig. 4A&C), whereas the CR group exhibited typical pathological changes, including colonic epithelial cells proliferation, intestinal wall oedema, large amounts of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, elongated crypts and the reduction or disappearance goblet cells (Fig. 4B). In the TS+CR group, the hyperplasia of colonic epithelial tissue disappeared, the lesions were limited to the mucosa, and the lamina propria of the mucosa was scattered with inflammatory cells ((Fig. 4D).