OR: odds Ratio, %: percentage, CI: confidence Interval. β: parameter estimation.

A higher score on the anxiety and depression scales from the HADS questionnaire indicates a higher level of anxiety and depression.

A higher score on the EuroQol-5d or EORTC-Q30 questionnaire indicates a higher level of quality of life assessed by the respective questionnaire.

All models were adjusted by age, sex, Charlson comorbidity Index, tumor location and TNM stage.