REFERENCE
Audy, J.R., Nadchatram, M., & Lim, B.L. (1960). Malaysian parasites. XLIX. Host distribution of Malayan ticks (Ixodoidea).Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States,29 :225–246. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19612900986
Annapolis, M.D. (2020). Mosquitoes and Ticks Do Not Transmit Coronavirus. Entomological Society of America , Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://www.entsoc.org/mosquitoes-and-ticks-do-not-transmit-coronavirus
Burridge, M.J. (2001). Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) spread by the international trade in reptiles and their potential roles in dissemination of diseases. Bulletin of entomological research91 (1), 3–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/BER200071
Clamp, R. (2020). Coronavirus and the Black Death: spread of misinformation and xenophobia shows we haven’t learned from our past. The Conversation , Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-and-the-black-death-spread-of-misinformation-and-xenophobia-shows-we-havent-learned-from-our-past-132802
Cohen, J. (2020). Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak’s origins. Science, Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-cluesoutbreak-s-origins.
COVID-19 Dashboard by Center for Systems Science and Engineering, (2020). Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University , Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
Chastel, C. (1980). Arbovirus transmis par des tiques et associés a des oiseaux de mer; une revue générale [Tick-borne arboviruses associated with marine birds; a general review (author’s transl)]. Medecine tropicale: revue du Corps de sante colonial40 (5), 535–548. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7442512/
Dietrich, M., Gómez-Díaz, E., & McCoy, K.D. (2011). Worldwide distribution and diversity of seabird ticks: implications for the ecology and epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)11 (5), 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0009
Doucleef, M. (2012). Scientists go deep on genes of SARS-like virus.Associated Press , Retrieved May 3, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/25/161770135/scientists-go-deep-on-genes-of-sars-like-virus
Duneau, D., Boulinier, T., Gómez-Díaz, E., Petersen, A., Tveraa, T., Barrett, R. T., & McCoy, K.D. (2008). Prevalence and diversity ofLyme borreliosis bacteria in marine birds. Infection, genetics and evolution8 (3), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.02.006
Durden, L.A., Merker, S., & Beati, L. (2008). The tick fauna of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae and Ixodidae).  Experimental and applied acarology, 45 , 85-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9144-z.
Entomological Society of America, (2020). Mosquitoes and ticks do not transmit Coronavirus. Entomological society of America , Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://www.entsoc.org/mosquitoes-and-ticks-do-not-transmit-coronavirus
Estrada-Peña, A., & Jongejan, F. (1999). Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Experimental and applied acarology23 (9), 685-715. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006241108739
Falco, M. (2012). New SARS-like virus poses medical mystery. CNN Health , Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/24/new-sars-like-virus-poses-medical-mystery/
Fagre, A.C., & Kading, R.C. (2019). Can Bats serve as reservoirs for Arboviruses? Viruses11 (3), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030215
Gao, W.H., Lin, X.D., Chen, Y.M., Xie, C.G., Tan, Z.Z., Zhou, J.J., … Zhang, Y.Z. (2020). Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease. Virus evolution6 (1), veaa020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veaa020
Graepel, K.W., Lu, X., Case, J.B., Sexton, N.R., Smith, E.C., & Denison, M.R. (2017). Proofreading-deficient Coronaviruses adapt for increased fitness over long-term passage without reversion of exoribonuclease-inactivating mutations. mBio8 (6), e01503-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01503-17
Guglielmone, A.A., Robbins R.G., Apanaskevich, D.A., Petney, T.N., Estrada-Pena, A., Horak, I.G. (2014). The hard ticks of the world (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) New York: Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg , Retrieved May 9, 2020, from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400774964
Gylfe, Olsen, B., Strasevicius, D., Marti Ras, N., Weihe, P., Noppa, L., … Bergström, S. (1999). Isolation of Lyme disease Borrelia from puffins (Fratercula arctica ) and seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae ) on the Faeroe Islands. Journal of clinical microbiology37 (4), 890-896. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84640/
Hassan, M., Sulaiman, M.H., & Lian, C.J. (2013). The prevalence and intensity of Amblyomma javanense infestation on Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica Desmarest) from Peninsular Malaysia.  Acta tropica, 126 (2), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.001.
Hornok, S., Kováts, D., Angyal, D., Dányi, L., Kovács, R., & Kontschán, J. (2016). Description of the male and the larva of Ixodes ariadnae Hornok, 2014. Ticks and tick-borne diseases7 (6), 1252–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.005
Hornok, S., Kontschán, J., Kováts, D., Kovács, R., Angyal, D., Görföl, T., … Mihalca, A. D. (2014). Bat ticks revisited: Ixodes ariadnae sp. nov. and allopatric genotypes of I. vespertilionisin caves of Hungary. Parasites and vectors7 , 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-202
Hornok, S., Szőke, K., Kováts, D., Estók, P., Görföl, T., Boldogh, S.A., … Sándor, A. D. (2016). DNA of piroplasms of ruminants and dogs in Ixodid bat ticks. PloS one11 (12), e0167735. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167735
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet395 (10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Blog, (2020). The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression , Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/
Jaenson, T. G., Tälleklint, L., Lundqvist, L., Olsen, B., Chirico, J., & Mejlon, H. (1994). Geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden. Journal of medical entomology31 (2), 240-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/31.2.240
Khatri-Chhetri, R., Wang, H. C., Chen, C. C., Shih, H. C., Liao, H. C., Sun, C. M., … Pei, K. J. (2016). Surveillance of ticks and associated pathogens in free-ranging Formosan pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla ). Ticks and tick-borne diseases7 (6), 12381-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.007
Krauel, J. J., & LeBuhn, G. (2016). Patterns of Bat distribution and foraging Activity in a highly urbanized temperate environment. PloS one11 (12), e0168927. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168927
Klompen, J.S., Black, W.C., Keirans, J.E., & Oliver, JH.Jr. (1996). Evolution of ticks. Annual review of entomology, 41 , 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.001041.
Kollars, T. M., Jr, & Sithiprasasna, R. (2000). New host and distribution record of Amblyomma javanense (Acari: Ixodidae) in Thailand. Journal of medical entomology37 (4), 640. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-37.4.640
Lam, T. T., Jia, N., Zhang, Y. W., Shum, M. H., Jiang, J. F., Zhu, H. C., Tong, Y. G., Shi, Y. X., Ni, X. B., Liao, Y. S., Li, W. J., Jiang, B. G., Wei, W., Yuan, T. T., Zheng, K., Cui, X. M., Li, J., Pei, G. Q., Qiang, X., Cheung, W. Y., … Cao, W. C. (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature , Retrieved May 5, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0
Li, F., Li, W., Farzan, M., & Harrison, S.C. (2005). Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. Science309 (5742): 1864–68. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116480
Loftis, A. D., Gill, J. S., Schriefer, M. E., Levin, M. L., Eremeeva, M. E., Gilchrist, M. J., & Dasch, G. A. (2005). Detection ofRickettsia , Borrelia , and Bartonella inCarios kelleyi (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of medical entomology42 (3), 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/42.3.473
Li, H.F., Lin, J.S., Lan, Y.C., Pei, K.J.C., & Su, N.Y. (2011). Survey of the term Temminck’s ground pangolin (Manis temminckii ) Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae in a Formosan pangolin habitat.Florida entomologist, 94 (3), 534-538. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0318
Liu, P., Chen, W., & Chen, J. P. (2019). Viral metagenomics revealed Sendai virus and coronavirus infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica ). Viruses11 (11), 979. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110979
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., … Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding.Lancet, 395 (10224), 565-574. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Málková, D., Holubová, J., Cerný, V., Daniel, M., Fernández, A., de la Cruz, J., Herrera, M., & Calisher, C. H. (1985). Estero real virus: a new virus isolated from argasid ticks Ornithodoros tadaridae in Cuba. Acta virologica29 (3), 247-250. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://europepmc.org/article/med/2864827
Mediannikov, O., Davoust, B., Socolovschi, C., Tshilolo, L., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2012). Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks and fleas from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 3 (5-6), 371-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.015.
Mohapatra, R.K., Panda, S., Nair, M.V., & Acharjyo, L.N. (2016). Check list of parasites and bacteria recorded from pangolins (Manis  sp.). Journal of parasitic diseases: official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology40 (4), 1109-1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-015-0653-5
Nijhof, A.M., Penzhorn, B.L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J.O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C.P., & Jongejan, F. (2003). Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis ). Journal of clinical microbiology41 (5), 2249-2254. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.5.2249-2254.2003
Nuttall, P.A. (1984). Tick-borne viruses in seabird colonies.Seabird 7 , 31-41. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from http://www.seabirdgroup.org.uk/journals/seabird-7/seabird-7.pdf#page=33
Nunn, M. A., Barton, T. R., Wanless, S., Hails, R. S., Harris, M. P., & Nuttall, P. A. (2006). Tick-borne Great Island Virus: (I) Identification of seabird host and evidence for co-feeding and viraemic transmission. Parasitology132 (Pt 2), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182005008930
Olival, K. J., Hosseini, P. R., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Ross, N., Bogich, T. L., & Daszak, P. (2017). Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. Nature546 (7660), 646-650. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22975
Parola, P., Paddock, C.D., Socolovschi, C., Labruna, M.B., Mediannikov, O., Kernif, T., … Raoult, D. (2013). Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clinical microbiology reviews26 (4), 657–702. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00032-13
Parola, P., Cornet, J. P., Sanogo, Y. O., Miller, R. S., Thien, H. V., Gonzalez, J. P., … Wongsrichanalai, C. (2003). Detection ofEhrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., and other eubacteria in ticks from the Thai-Myanmar border and Vietnam. Journal of clinical microbiology41 (4), 1600-1608. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.4.1600-1608.2003
Pettersson, J.H.O., Ellström, P., Ling, J., Nilsson, I., Bergström, S., González-Acuña, D., … Holmes, E.C. (2020). Circumpolar diversification of the Ixodes uriae tick virome. BioRxiv,Retrieved May 4, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.075515
Pulliam, J. R., & Dushoff, J. (2009). Ability to replicate in the cytoplasm predicts zoonotic transmission of livestock viruses. The journal of infectious diseases199 (4), 565-568. https://doi.org/10.1086/596510
Ramos, J., Bowler, J., Laura Davis, Sarah Venis, Quinn, J., & Carole Middleton (2001). Activity patterns and effect of ticks on growth and survival of tropical Roseate Tern nestlings. The Auk,  118 (3), 709-716. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089932
Robinson, P. (1983). The use of ketamine in restraint of a black-bellied Pangolin (Manis tetradactyla ). The journal of zoo animal medicine,  14 (1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/20094623
Saikku, P., Main, A.J., Ulmanen, I., & Brummer-Korvenkontio, M. (1980). Viruses in Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabird colonies at Røst Islands, Lofoten, Norway. Journal of medical entomology ,17 (4), 360-366.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/17.4.360
Sándor, A. D., Corduneanu, A., Péter, Á., Mihalca, A. D., Barti, L., Csősz, I., … Hornok, S. (2019). Bats and ticks: host selection and seasonality of bat-specialist ticks in eastern Europe. Parasites and vectors12 (1), 605. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3861-5
Sanyal, A.K., De, S.K., Rao, A.T., Acharjyo, L.N. (1987). Metastigmata (Ticks), Fauna of Orissa.Zoological survey of India State Fauna series No. 1 , (pp 273-287). Retrieved May 30, 2020, from http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/sfs/001/index.pdf
Socolovschi, C., Kernif, T., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2012).Borrelia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia species in bat ticks, France, 2010. Emerging infectious diseases18 (12), 1966-1975. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.111237
Traavik, T. (1977). Development of a modified immunoelectroosmophoresis method for Uukuniemi and Runde Virus serology. Archives of virology 54, 231-240. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01314789
Traavik T. (1978). Experimental ”Runde” virus infections in embryonated eggs and chickens. Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica. section B, microbiology86B (5), 299-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1978.tb00047.x
Traavik T. (1978). Persistent infections with ”runde” virus in cell cultures and suckling mice. Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica. section B, microbiology86B (6), 355-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1978.tb00056.x
Traavik T. (1979). The influence of specific antisera and unheated guinea pig serum on the pathogenicity of ”Runde” virus for mice. Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica. section B, microbiology87B (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1979.tb02395.x
Traavik, T. & Mehl, R. (1975). Tick-borne Viruses in Norway.Medical Biology 53 (5), 621-624. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from https://europepmc.org/article/med/1207194
Traavik, T., Mehl, R., & Kjeldsberg, E. (1977). ”Runde” viurs, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks. Archives of virology55 (1-2), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01314476
Traavik, T., & Brunvold, E. (1978). ”Runde” virus: further characteristics and a method for purification. Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica. section B, microbiology86B (6), 349-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1978.tb00055.x
VIsME (Free version) [Graphic design software]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.visme.co/
Wang, M., Yan, M., Xu, H., Liang, W., Kan, B., Zheng, B., … Xu, J. (2005). SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from Palm civet. Emerging infectious diseases11 (12), 1860-1865. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.041293
Wang, W., Lin, X.D., Liao, Y., Guan, X.Q., Guo, W.P., Xing, J.G., … Zhang, Y.Z. (2017). Discovery of a Highly Divergent Coronavirus in the Asian House Shrew from China Illuminates the origin of the Alphacoronaviruses. Journal of virology91 (17), e00764-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00764-17
Wang, Z.D., Wang, B., Wei, F., Han, S.Z., Zhang, L., Yang, Z.T., … Liu, Q. (2019). A new segmented virus associated with human febrile illness in China. The New England journal of medicine380 (22), 2116-2125. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805068
World Health Organization (WHO), (2020a). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). World Health Organization (WHO) , Retrieved May 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
World Health Organization (WHO), (2020b). Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. World Health Organization (WHO) , Retrieved May 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
World Health Organization (WHO), (2020c). Novel Coronavirus-China. World Health Organization (WHO) . Retrieved May 9, 2020, from https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/
World Health Organization (WHO), (2020d). Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. World Health Organization (WHO) , Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
Zahn, A., & Rupp, D. (2004). Ectoparasite load in European vespertilionid bats. Journal of zoology, 262 (4), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903004722
Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., … Shi, Z.L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature579 (7798), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zingg, W., Castro-Sanchez, E., Secci, F.V., Edwards, R., Drumright, L.N., Sevdalis, N., & Holmes, A.H. (2016). Innovative tools for quality assessment: integrated quality criteria for review of multiple study designs (ICROMS). Public health133 , 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.012