1) Land Cover
We obtained the land cover data from the MCD12Q1 dataset (Collection 5.1). These data have a spatial resolution of 500 × 500 m, cover the period between 2001 and 2015, and can be downloaded from the USGS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. Based on the vegetation characteristics and our research objectives, here, we selected the land coverage classification developed by the Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations (GLCNMO).