3.2 Driving factors of vegetation change
Our analysis of the different driving factors that affect vegetation dynamics showed that the highest proportion of vegetation restoration area occurred in the FSR (39.24%), then the GSR (23.03%), and finally the DSR (1.88%). The highest proportion of vegetation degradation was the FSR (9.48%), followed by the GSR (6.69%), and then the DSR (1.06%). In general, the area with significant vegetation restoration was larger than the area with significant vegetation degradation. At the same time, the intensity of regional vegetation change was also FSR > GSR > DSR. The FSR was the area that experienced the most dramatic vegetation change on the MP, and the DSR showed the least change in vegetation (Figure 6).
These results are broadly consistent with vegetation dynamics on the MP that were based on our NDVI evaluation in section 3.1.
Vegetation restoration under climatic influence was the main driving force behind vegetation restoration in the GSR and FSR, accounting for 18.24% and 13.98%, respectively, in each subregion. Human activity had a similar effect on vegetation restoration and degradation: 1.02% and 0.94%, respectively, in the DSR; 6.63% and 4.41%, respectively, in the GSR; and 9.30% and 12.21%, respectively, in the FSR. Only the effect of human activity on vegetation restoration in the DSR was greater than that of climate. This indicates that some vegetation restoration initiatives in this area are generating effective outcomes (Table 3).

4 Discussion