Acknowledgments
We acknowledge all the study participants of this study.
Funding - none
References
1. Worldometers. Southern Asia Population. 2020;
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/southern-asia-population/.
Accessed 30.052020.
2. WHO. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 2017;
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).
Accessed 28.05.2020, 2020.
3. Mendis S, Lindholm LH, Anderson SG, et al. Total cardiovascular risk
approach to improve efficiency of cardiovascular prevention in resource
constrain settings. Journal of clinical epidemiology.2011;64(12):1451-1462.
4. Framingham heart study - cardiovascular-disease-10-year-risk. 2016;
https://framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-risk-functions/cardiovascular-disease-10-year-risk/.
5. WHO. World Health organization/International Society of Hypertension
risk prediction charts for 14 WHO epidemiological sub-regions In: WHO;
2007. Accessed 16.04.2020.
6. Gopal DP, Usher-Smith JA. Cardiovascular risk models for South Asian
populations: a systematic review. Int J Public Health.2016;61(5):525-534.
7. Volgman Annabelle S, Palaniappan Latha S, Aggarwal Neelum T, et al.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians in the United
States: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Treatments: A Scientific
Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation.2018;138(1):e1-e34.
8. Cappuccio FP, Oakeshott P, Strazzullo P, Kerry SM. Application of
Framingham risk estimates to ethnic minorities in United Kingdom and
implications for primary prevention of heart disease in general
practice: cross sectional population based study. BMJ.2002;325(7375):1271.
9. Bellary S, O’Hare JP, Raymond NT, et al. Premature cardiovascular
events and mortality in south Asians with type 2 diabetes in the United
Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study - effect of ethnicity on risk. Curr
Med Res Opin. 2010;26(8):1873-1879.
10. Enas EA, Garg A, Davidson MA, Nair VM, Huet BA, Yusuf S. Coronary
heart disease and its risk factors in first-generation immigrant Asian
Indians to the United States of America. Indian Heart J.1996;48(4):343-353.
11. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing
Epidemic of Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Current problems in cardiology. 2010;35(2):72-115.
12. Barzi F, Patel A, Gu D, et al. Cardiovascular risk prediction tools
for populations in Asia. Journal of epidemiology and community
health. 2007;61(2):115-121.
13. Ueshima H, Sekikawa A, Miura K, et al. Cardiovascular disease and
risk factors in Asia: a selected review. Circulation.2008;118(25):2702-2709.
14. Ranasinghe P, Mathangasinghe Y, Jayawardena R, Hills AP, Misra A.
Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the
asia-pacific region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health.2017;17(1):101.
15. Pan WH, Yeh WT, Weng LC. Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome in Asia.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;17 Suppl
1:37-42.
16. Nanditha A, Ma RCW, Ramachandran A, et al. Diabetes in Asia and the
Pacific: Implications for the Global Epidemic. Diabetes Care.2016;39(3):472-485.
17. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Shetty AS, Nanditha A. Trends in
prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries. World J Diabetes.2012;3(6):110-117.
18. D’Agostino RB, Sr., Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General
cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham
Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743-753.
19. Mendis S, Lindholm LH, Mancia G, et al. World Health Organization
(WHO) and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) risk prediction
charts: assessment of cardiovascular risk for prevention and control of
cardiovascular disease in low and middle-income countries. J
Hypertens. 2007;25(8):1578-1582.
20. WHO/IDF. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and
intermediate hyperglycemia : report of a WHO/IDF consultation. Geneva:
WHO; 2006.
21. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the
joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and
treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. Journal of the
American Medical Association 2003;289(19):2560-2571.
22. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol
Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And
Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel
III). Journal of the American Medical Association.2001;285(19):2486-2497.
23. Sim J, Wright CC. The Kappa Statistic in Reliability Studies: Use,
Interpretation, and Sample Size Requirements. Physical Therapy.2005;85(3):257-268.
24. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for
categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159-174.
25. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. London:
Chapman and Hall; 1991.
26. Jones CA, Ross L, Surani N, Dharamshi N, Karmali K. Framingham
ten-year general cardiovascular disease risk: agreement between
BMI-based and cholesterol-based estimates in a South Asian convenience
sample. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119183-e0119183.
27. Ranawaka U, Wijekoon N, Pathmeswaran P, et al. Risk estimates of
cardiovascular diseases in a Sri Lankan community. The Ceylon
medical journal. 2016;61:11.
28. Selvarajah S, Kaur G, Haniff J, et al. Comparison of the Framingham
Risk Score, SCORE and WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction models in
an Asian population. International Journal of Cardiology.2014;176(1):211-218.
29. Bansal M, Kasliwal RR, Trehan N. Relationship between different
cardiovascular risk scores and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis
in an Indian population. Indian Heart Journal.2015;67(4):332-340.
30. Bansal M, Kasliwal RR, Trehan N. Comparative accuracy of different
risk scores in assessing cardiovascular risk in Indians: A study in
patients with first myocardial infarction. Indian Heart Journal.2014;66(6):580-586.
31. Otgontuya D, Oum S, Buckley BS, Bonita R. Assessment of total
cardiovascular risk using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts in three low
and middle income countries in Asia. BMC Public Health.2013;13(1):539.
32. Tulloch-Reid MK, Younger NO, Ferguson TS, et al. Excess
Cardiovascular Risk Burden in Jamaican Women Does Not Influence
Predicted 10-Year CVD Risk Profiles of Jamaica Adults: An Analysis of
the 2007/08 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey. PLoS One.2013;8(6):e66625.
33. Garg NM, Subrat K., Kapoor A, Tewari S, Kumar S, Khanna R, Goel PK.
Comparison of different cardiovascular risk score calculators for
cardiovascular risk prediction and guideline recommended statin uses.Indian Heart Journal. 2017;69(4):458-463.
34. Kanjilal S, Rao VS, Mukherjee M, et al. Application of
cardiovascular disease risk prediction models and the relevance of novel
biomarkers to risk stratification in Asian Indians. Vasc Health
Risk Manag. 2008;4(1):199-211.
35. Smith Sidney C, Jackson R, Pearson Thomas A, et al. Principles for
National and Regional Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.Circulation. 2004;109(25):3112-3121.
36. D’Agostino RB, Sr, Grundy S, Sullivan LM, Wilson P, for the CHDRPG.
Validation of the framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores:
Results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. Journal of the
American Medical Association. 2001;286(2):180-187.
37. Marrugat J, D’Agostino R, Sullivan L, et al. An adaptation of the
Framingham coronary heart disease risk function to European
Mediterranean areas. Journal of epidemiology and community
health. 2003;57(8):634-638.