Comparison groups and outcomes
We compared women with IOL at 40 GW (40+0 to 40+6 GW), women with IOL at 41 GW (41+0 to 41+6 GW), and women with SOL in between 40+0 to 41+6 GW. Artificial separation of membranes alone was not considered induction.
The incidence of births with one or more negative outcome(s) was our primary outcome. In line with previous literature,2,3,8 we defined negative outcomes as any birth that included an intervention (i.e. CS, OVD) and/or a maternal or neonatal complication (i.e., was not completely physiological) (see list in Table S2 ).