References:
1. Stirrat GM. Recurrent miscarriage. Lancet 1990;336:673–5 (PMID:26663220).
2. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2012Nov; 98(5):1103-11 (PMID:23095139).
3. Johns J, Muttukrishna S, Lygnos M, Groome N, Jauniaux E. Maternal serum hormone concentrations for prediction of adverse outcome in threatened miscarriage. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;15(4):413–421 (PMID:17908404).
4. Guha S, Van Belle V, Bottomley C, Preisler J, Vathanan V, Sayasneh A, et al. External validation of models and simple scoring systems to predict miscarriage in intrauterine pregnancies of uncertain viability. Hum Reprod 2013;28(11):2905–11 (PMID:23980057).
5. Al Mohamady M, Fattah GA, Elkattan E, Bayoumy R, Hamed DA. Correlation of serum CA-125 and progesterone levels with ultrasound markers in the prediction of pregnancy outcome in threatened miscarriage. Int J Fertil Steril 2016;9(4):506–11 (PMID:26985338).
6. Pillai RN, Konje JC, Tincello DG, Potdar N. Role of serum biomarkers in the prediction of outcome in women with threatened miscarriage: a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22(2):228–39.
7. Arck P, Hansen PJ, Mulac Jericevic B, Piccinni MP, Szekeres-Bartho J. Progesterone during pregnancy: endocrine-immune cross talk in mammalian species and the role of stress. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58(3):268–79 (PMID:17681043).
8. Schwartz N, Xue X, Elovitz MA, Dowling O, Metz CN. Progesterone suppresses the fetal inflammatory response ex vivo. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:211.e1.9 (PMID:19646573).
9. Adam Czyzyk, Agnieszka Podfigurna, Andrea Riccardo Genazzani, Blazej Meczekalski. The role of progesterone therapy in early pregnancy: from physiological role to therapeutic utility. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33(6): 421–424 (PMID:28277122).
10. Carmona F, Balasch J, Creus M, Fábregues F, Casamitjana R, Cívico S, et al. Early hormonal markers of pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003;20:521–526 (PMID:15035553).
11. Duan L, Yan D, Zeng W, Yang X, Wei Q. Predictive power progesterone combined with beta human chorionic gonadotropin measurements in the outcome of threatened miscarriage. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;283:431-435 (PMID:20107822).
12. Liu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Jiao X, Zhang R, Zhang J. Predictive value of serum β-hCG for early pregnancy outcomes among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016Oct; 135(1):16-21 (PMID:27567433).
13. Hildebrandt VA, Babischkin JS, Koos RD, Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Developmental regulation of vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in and vascularization of the villous placenta during baboon pregnancy. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 2050–57 (PMID:11316772).
14. Tanriverdi F, Silveira LF, Maccoll GS, Bouloux PM. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: Immune function and autoimmunity. J Endocrinol 2003; 176: 293–304 (PMID:12630914).
15. Xu Q, Chen J, Wei Z, Brandon TR, Zava DT, Shi YE, et al. Sex Hormone Metabolism and Threatened Abortion. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23: 5041-5048 (PMID:29056745).
16. Lin Y, Liu C. Prediction of early pregnancy outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51:33–38 (PMID:8582515).
Acknowledgments: The research was supported by the Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province(2020KY827)
Declaration of interest statement: The authors report no conflict of interest.
Table 1. Comparison of E2 and β-HCG levels between ongoing pregnancy group and inevitable abortion group