Reconstruction and healing of bony defects
remains a major clinical challenge. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
cells (BMSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into a
variety of cell types characteristic of bone, skeletal and cardiac
muscle, adipose tissue, and neural cells (Dai et al. , 2018; Jinget al. , 2019; Luby et al. , 2019). Numerous studies have
demonstrated that BMSCs are potential in promoting bone regeneration and
defect repair (Luby et al. , 2019; Polymeri et al. ,
2016).