Figure 1. Phylogeny and population history analysis.(A ) Geographical distribution of the selected cattle in this
study. The map was drawn using annual temperature data
(www.worldclim.org ). MG, Mongolia cattle; YB, Yanbian cattle; YN,
Yunnan cattle; HN, Hainan cattle. (B ) Principal component (PC)
analysis, PC1 against PC2. (C ) Neighbor-joining tree of the
relationships between the four cattle breeds. (D ) LD decay in
HN cattle, YN cattle and northern cattle. (E ) Genetic structure
of cattle breeds using the ADMIXTURE program. (F ) Demographic
history inferred by PSMC. The period of the Xixiabangma Glaciation (XG,
1,170–800 kya), Naynayxungla Glaciation (NG, 780–500 kya) and the last
glacial maximum (LGM, ∼20 kya).