Figure 1. Phylogeny and population history analysis.(A ) Geographical distribution of the selected cattle in this study. The map was drawn using annual temperature data (www.worldclim.org ). MG, Mongolia cattle; YB, Yanbian cattle; YN, Yunnan cattle; HN, Hainan cattle. (B ) Principal component (PC) analysis, PC1 against PC2. (C ) Neighbor-joining tree of the relationships between the four cattle breeds. (D ) LD decay in HN cattle, YN cattle and northern cattle. (E ) Genetic structure of cattle breeds using the ADMIXTURE program. (F ) Demographic history inferred by PSMC. The period of the Xixiabangma Glaciation (XG, 1,170–800 kya), Naynayxungla Glaciation (NG, 780–500 kya) and the last glacial maximum (LGM, ∼20 kya).