Figure 1: Estimated safe duration of DHCA (HCA). From Yan et al
(Permitted third party reuse by the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license).Figure 2: Retrograde cerebral perfusion via SVC cannulation,
with venous drainage through the bicaval cannula during the cooling
phase. From Gravlee: Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 2nd Ed.
Wolters Kluwer, 2000.Figure 3: Retrograde cerebral perfusion in a minimally invasive
approach setting: (A) Right lateral mini-thoracotomy incision entering
the 4th intercostal space. Patient’s arm is always positioned over the
head; (B) Surgical field exposure with the SVC cannula in place and a
completed hemiarch anastomosis.