Methods
Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. Procedures were
performed in accordance with ethical standards. From April 2018 to
December 2019, surgical LAA occlusion and radiofrequency ablation of
atrial fibrillation were performed in a total of 19 patients. All of the
LAA occlusion were video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, which were
guided by TEE in a general surgery setting.