Conclusion
Food allergy is an increasing problem throughout the world. There remain signficant unanswered questions about its pathogenesis. ILCs provide a bridge between native and adaptive immunity thereby having a crucial role in immunity. There is a growing awareness about the plasticity of ILCs in different inflammatory conditions. It is likely that future studies will provide more insights to understanding how the skin and gastrointestinal mucosal immune systems interact, both in homeostasis and in the progression to food allergy. In particular, it will be important to identify physiologically relevant stimuli that directly or indirectly activate ILC2s in skin, which may lead to epicutaneous sensitization. A strong association of AD and food allergy is found stronger in infancy than childhood, despite epicutaneous sensitization being more evident in later life.142 Mechanisms of epicutaneous sensitization during infancy and the role of ILCs have yet be identified. Understanding the contribution of ILCs to inflammatory processes and regulatory mechanisms in food allergy may help to develop novel therapeutics that target ILCs to treat food allergy and to induce immune tolerance.