2.6 Hydro facial analysis
Piper (1994) proposed a graphical representation of analytical data to understand the major ions influencing groundwater’s nature. The diagram suggested that, two triangles of cations and anions, respectively, and one diamond-shaped reveal that summarize both triangles. This pictorial graph is drawn based on the water cations and anions in chemical equilibrium. The piper diagram results show that alkaline earths exceed alkaline, major other sources of contamination and problems need to be answered by exhaustive studies of critical water quality in specific sample locations.
2.7 Geochemical mechanics
Gibbs (1970) proposed a plot to identify groundwater geochemical characteristics and evolution. It was widely used for groundwater studies to establish the relationship of water composition and effects of aquifer lithology in the nature of groundwater chemistry (Muniraj et al., 2019 Umamaheswari et al., 2015). It gives an exact mechanism for controlling the groundwater chemistry of a region. Precipitation, evaporation, and rock water interaction are the three distinct fields in a plot.