Percentage of sodium (%Na)
Excess sodium concentration causes damage to soil structure, aeration,
infiltration, and permeability due to the process of deflocculation.
Further, it reduces the plant’s growth. The combination of sodium and
carbonate causes alkaline soil, and sodium with chlorides leads the
saline soil (Adimalla et al., 2019c). In the study area, percentage of
sodium ranges from 5.54 to 42.13 % with a mean value of 17.78%
(Table.4). About 76.67% of samples fall in excellent (514.57sq.km),
20% of samples fall in good (151.52 sq.km) and 3.33% of samples fall
in permissible (0.85 sq.km). The spatial distribution of percentage
sodium is shown in Fig. (11b). Moreover, Wilcox (1954) classification of
groundwater was carried and it indicates the nature of groundwater is
suitable for irrigation uses without the treatment process (Fig.14).