Total Hardness (TH)
TH is mainly caused by the concentration of calcium and magnesium
dissolved in groundwater (Marko et al., 2014). In a study area, TH range
between 240 to 1600 mg/L with a mean of 653.16 mg/L as
CaCO3. About 60% of the sample locations exceed the
desirable limit recommended by WHO (2011) and BIS (2012). Higher
concentrations of calcium and magnesium could cause the undesirable
limit of hardness in groundwater. In a study area, 2.79 Sq.km area was
recorded as acceptable, 297.91 Sq.km area most permissible and 366.25
Sq.km area (Fig.3d) highly affected due to excess concentration of
hardness in groundwater for drinking purpose.