Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)
The proximity of higher concentration of exchangeable sodium turns around the process of aggregation and causes soil aggregates to sprinkle into their constituent individual soil particles. The significant issues emerging from high sodium levels compared with the other replaceable cations are soil’s physical properties. The higher value of ESP, the collapse of the soil structure and convert to slump, reduce porosity, permeability, become denser, and to confine the root growth of plants (Sarani et al., 2016). The ESP classification of groundwater is less than 15 is suitable, and greater than 15 are unsuitable for the agricultural process. In the study area, ESP varied from -0.87 to 2.62, with an average of 0.10 (Table.4). All the sample locations are suitable for irrigation purposes.