Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) comprise major ions such as calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate,
and bicarbonate are dissolved in groundwater (Paul et al., 2019). TDS
ranges from 358 to 3716 mg/L, with an average of 1316.55 mg/L in the
study area. As per WHO and BIS standards, 3.59 Sq.km area fall in
acceptable, 444.08 Sq.km area falls in most permissible, and 219.28
Sq.km area (Fig.3c) falls under the undesirable limit of TDS. A higher
value of TDS causes major health issues such as stones in the kidney,
heart diseases, and stomach problems.