Results
Are titis genetically monogamous?
Our analyses did not indicate any cases of EPP. In all cases of assigned paternity (17 offspring in 9 social groups, 1 to 5 offspring per group; Fig. 1, Supplementary Table S1), social fathers were identified as genetic fathers of all offspring in their respective family groups. In one case, paternity remained unassigned. The juvenile offspring from Group 10 had three mismatches with the adult male of the group, and Delta score calculated by Cervus (the difference between the likelihood ratios for two most likely candidate parents) was zero, indicating both this male and the adult male of Group 8 as most likely fathers. At one of the loci with mismatches (chr09a), the offspring was homozygous, likely resulting from allelic dropout or genotyping error, at other two loci (chr07a, chr08a), the offspring was heterozygous, so we can only suggest that it was a result of a genotyping error. Unfortunately, this offspring had the minimum number of typed loci among all the sampled animals and also was the only individual in our dataset for whom we only had one fecal sample collected. Therefore, we could not control for the errors using another sample like we did for all other individuals.