Study population
Consecutive patients who underwent a PVI with VGLA as the first procedure for paroxysmal AF from July 2018 to January 2020 were eligible for this study. The subjects were patients who underwent catheter ablation of AF for standard clinical indications1). Written informed consent for the ablation procedures was obtained from all patients. The definition of paroxysmal AF was according to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology guidelines, which is as follows: paroxysmal AF was defined as AF that self-terminated within 7 days1). The study protocol was approved by the hospital’s institutional human ethics committee. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.