All patients (n=440) Normal cumulative LB (n=186) Cumulative LBA (n=185) Cumulative ALI (n=69) Cumulative LBAI (n=254) OR (95% CI) †† p value*
Characteristics
Age, years, median (IQR) 63 (25) 61 (18) 63 (23) 65 (17) 64 (18) 2.536 0.012
<50 65 (14.8%) 33 (50.8%) 23 (35.4%) 9 (13.8%) 32 (49.2%) Ref Ref
50-64 203 (46.1%) 91 (44.8%) 85 (41.9%) 27 (13.3%) 112 (55.2%) 1.27 (0.73 to 2.22) 0.404
≥65 172 (39.1%) 62 (36.0%) 77 (44.8%) 33 (19.2%) 110 (64.0%) 1.83 (1.03 to 3.26) 0.040
Sex, female 233 (53.0%) 79 (33.9%) 109 (46.8%) 45 (19.3%) 154 (66.1%) 2.09 (1.42 to 3.06) <0.0001
BMI, ≥24 kg/m2 124 (49.8%) 63 (50.8%) 45 (36.3%) 16 (12.9%) 61 (49.2%) 0.95 (0.58 to 1.57) 0.849
Epidemiological exposure † 268 (60.9%) 123 (45.9%) 104 (38.8%) 41 (15.3%) 145 (54.1%) 0.68 (0.46 to 1.01) 0.055
Smoking history 62 (20.9%) 21 (33.9%) 31 (50.0%) 10 (16.1%) 41 (61.1%) 1.48 (0.84 to 2.61) 0.176
Comorbidities 285 (64.8%) 109 (38.2%) 123 (43.2%) 53 (18.6%) 176 (61.8%) 1.59 (1.07 to 2.37) 0.021
Hypertension 181 (41.1%) 69 (38.1%) 83 (45.9%) 29 (16.0%) 112 (61.9%) 1.34 (0.91 to 1.97) 0.141
Diabetes 136 (30.9%) 48 (35.3%) 53 (39.0%) 35 (25.7%) 88 (64.7%) 1.52 (1.00 to 2.31) 0.048
Cardiovascular disease 56 (12.7%) 22 (39.3%) 19 (33.9%) 15 (26.8%) 34 (60.7%) 1.15 (0.65 to 2.04) 0.628
Cerebrovascular disease 16 (3.6%) 4 (25.0%) 8 (50.0%) 4 (25.0%) 12 (75.0%) 2.26 (0.72 to 7.11) 0.165
Chronic renal disease 21 (4.8%) 11 (52.4%) 9 (42.9%) 1 (4.8%) 10 (47.6%) 0.65 (0.27 to 1.57) 0.340
Chronic liver disease 12 (2.7%) 4 (33.3%) 7 (58.3%) 1 (8.3%) 8 (66.7%) 1.48 (0.44 to 4.99) 0.527
Chronic hepatitis B 8 (1.8%) 2 (25.0%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 6 (75.0%) 2.23 (0.44 to 11.15) 0.331
Other chronic liver disease§ 4 (0.9%) 2 (50.0%) 2 (50.0%) 0 2 (50.0%) 0.73 (0.10 to 5.23) 0.754
Chronic respiratory disease 31 (7.0%) 16 (51.6%) 9 (29.0%) 6 (19.4%) 15 (48.4%) 0.67 (0.32 to 1.39) 0.278
Signs and symptoms at disease onset
Fever (temperature ≥37.3℃) 369 (85.8%) 149 (40.4%) 159 (43.1%) 61 (16.5%) 220 (59.6%) 1.63 (0.95 to 2.81) 0.079
Sputum 236 (53.6%) 93 (39.4%) 104 (44.1%) 39 (16.5%) 143 (60.6%) 1.29 (0.88 to 1.88) 0.191
Dyspnoea 243 (55.2%) 82 (33.7%) 116 (47.7%) 45 (18.5%) 161 (66.3%) 2.2 (1.49 to 3.23) <0.0001
Haemoptysis 63 (14.3%) 25 (39.7%) 26 (41.3%) 12 (19.0%) 38 (60.3%) 1.13 (0.66 to 1.95) 0.653
Chest pain/tightness 227 (51.6%) 88 (38.8%) 100 (44.1%) 39 (17.2%) 139 (61.2%) 1.35 (0.92 to 1.97) 0.125
Pharyngalgia/ nasal congestion /Running 94 (21.4%) 47 (50.0%) 33 (35.1%) 14 (14.9%) 47 (50.0%) 0.67 (0.42 to 1.06) 0.088
Headaches/Dizziness 135 (30.7%) 57 (42.2%) 54 (40.0%) 24 (17.8%) 78 (57.8%) 1.00 (0.67 to 1.51) 0.989
Myalgia / Fatigue 289 (65.7%) 122 (42.2%) 120 (41.5%) 47 (16.3%) 167 (57.8%) 1.01 (0.68 to 1.50) 0.973
Nausea/Vomiting 133 (30.2%) 53 (39.8%) 59 (44.4%) 21 (15.8%) 80 (60.2%) 1.15 (0.76 to 1.75) 0.498
Abdominal pain 70 (15.9%) 29 (41.4%) 26 (37.1%) 15 (21.4%) 41 (58.6%) 1.04 (0.62 to 1.75) 0.876
Diarrhea 185 (42.0%) 78 (42.2%) 83 (44.9%) 24 (13.0%) 107 (57.8%) 1.01 (0.69 to 1.48) 0.968
On-admission vital signs
Temperature, ≥37.3℃ 103 (23.8%) 26 (25.2%) 50 (48.5%) 27 (26.2%) 77 (74.8%) 2.74 (1.67 to 4.49) <0.0001
Respiratory rate, ≥30 breaths per min 53 (12.1%) 13 (24.5%) 21 (39.6%) 19 (35.8%) 40 (75.5%) 2.50 (1.30 to 4.82) 0.006
Pulse oximeter O2 saturation, ≤93% 146 (35.0%) 25 (17.1%) 82 (56.2%) 39 (26.7%) 121 (82.9%) 6.37 (3.89 to 10.43) <0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, <90 mmHg 4 (0.9%) 2 (50.0%) 2 (50.0%) 0 2 (50.0%) 0.74 (0.10 to 5.27) 0.760
Heart rate, >125 beats per min 23 (5.2%) 5 (21.7%) 10 (43.5%) 8 (34.8%) 18 (78.3%) 2.77 (1.01 to 7.61) 0.048
Severity of illness
In-hospital disease severity status, general 128 (29.1%) 88 (68.8%) 37 (28.9%) 3 (2.3%) 40 (31.3%) Ref Ref
Severe 184 (41.8%) 80 (43.5%) 84 (45.7%) 20 (10.9%) 104 (56.5%) 2.86 (1.78 to 4.59) <0.0001
Critical 128 (29.1%) 18 (14.1%) 64 (50.0%) 46 (35.9%) 110 (85.9%) 13.44 (7.21 to 25.07) <0.0001
qSOFA score, 0 231 (52.7%) 114 (49.4%) 95 (41.1%) 22 (9.5%) 117 (50.6%) Ref Ref
1 179 (40.9%) 59 (33.0%) 80 (44.7%) 40 (22.3%) 120 (67.0%) 1.98 (1.32 to 2.97) <0.0001
2-3 28 (6.4%) 13 (46.4%) 9 (32.1%) 6 (21.4%) 15 (53.6%) 1.12 (0.51 to 2.47) 0.770
CURB-65 score, 0-1 330 (75.3%) 159 (48.2%) 132 (40.0%) 39 (11.8%) 171 (51.8%) Ref
2 71 (16.2%) 17 (23.9%) 41 (57.7%) 13 (18.3%) 54 (76.1%) 2.95 (1.64 to 5.31) <0.0001
3-5 37 (8.4%) 10 (27.0%) 11 (29.7%) 16 (43.2%) 27 (73.0%) 2.51 (1.18 to 5.35) 0.017
Blood routine results
White blood cell count, <3.5 × 10⁹ per L 44 (10.0%) 17 (38.6%) 19 (43.2%) 8 (18.2%) 27 (61.4%) 0.68 (0.35 to 1.29) 0.234
3.5-9.5 313 (71.3%) 151 (48.2%) 126 (40.3%) 36 (11.5%) 162 (51.8%) Ref Ref
>9.5 82 (18.7%) 18 (22.0%) 40 (48.8%) 24 (29.3%) 64 (78.0%) 2.24 (1.00 to 4.99) 0.049
Lymphocyte count, <1.1 × 10⁹ per L 232 (52.8%) 62 (26.7%) 115 (49.6%) 55 (23.7%) 170 (73.3%) 4.1 (2.74 to 6.12) <0.0001
Neutrophil count, >6.3 × 10⁹ per L 149 (33.9%) 44 (29.5%) 73 (49.0%) 32 (21.5%) 105 (70.5%) 2.29 (1.50 to 3.49) <0.0001
Hemoglobin, <130 g/L for male; <115 g/L for female 194 (44.4%) 85 (43.8%) 76 (39.2%) 33 (17.0%) 109 (56.2%) 0.90 (0.61 to 1.31) 0.576
Platelet count, <125 x109 per L 59 (13.5%) 17 (28.8%) 31 (52.5%) 11 (18.6%) 42 (71.2%) 1.98 (1.09 to 3.6) 0.026
Biochemical results-basic values
Albumin, <35 g/L 232 (52.7%) 58 (25.0%) 118 (50.9%) 56 (24.1%) 174 (75.0%) 4.80 (3.19 to 7.22) <0.0001
ALT, >41 U/L for male; >33 U/L for female 113 (25.7%) 0 77 (68.1%) 36 (31.9%) 113 (100.0%) —** —**
AST, >40 U/L for male; >32 U/L for female 144 (32.7%) 0 91 (63.2%) 53 (36.8%) 144 (100.0%) —** —**
Total bilirubin, >26 mmol/L for male; >21 mmol/L for female 25 (5.7%) 0 12 (48.0%) 13 (52.0%) 25 (100.0%) —** —**
Direct bilirubin, >8.0 mmol/L 61 (13.9%) 4 (6.6%) 29 (47.5%) 28 (45.9%) 57 (93.4%) 13.16 (4.68 to 37.01) <0.0001
Lactate dehydrogenase, >225 U/L for male; >214 U/L for female 332 (75.5%) 105 (31.6%) 162 (48.8%) 65 (19.6%) 227 (68.4%) 6.49 (3.96 to 10.62) <0.0001
γ-Glutamyl transferase, >71 U/L for male; >42 U/L for female 115 (26.4%) 20 (17.4%) 62 (53.9%) 33 (28.7%) 95 (82.6%) 5.12 (3.01 to 8.7) <0.0001
Creatinine, >104 μmol/L for male; >84 μmol/L for female 70 (16.0%) 22 (31.4%) 31 (44.3%) 17 (24.3%) 48 (68.6%) 1.73 (1.01 to 2.99) 0.048
C-reactive protein, ≥1 mg/L 369 (87.6%) 145 (39.3%) 161 (43.6%) 63 (17.1%) 224 (60.7%) 2.92 (1.59 to 5.36) 0.0010
Coagulation and inflammation index results
Prothrombin time, ≤14.5 s 289 (66.3%) 144 (49.8%) 116 (40.1%) 29 (10.0%) 145 (50.2%) 0.35 (0.23 to 0.54) <0.0001
Prothrombin activity, <75% 82 (18.8%) 14 (17.1%) 43 (52.4%) 25 (30.5%) 68 (82.9%) 4.39 (2.38 to 8.09) <0.0001
Activated partial thromboplastin time, >42.0 s 166 (38.2%) 46 (27.7%) 89 (53.6%) 31 (18.7%) 120 (72.3%) 2.69 (1.77 to 4.07) <0.0001
D-dimer, >0.5 μg/mL 295 (68.4%) 87 (29.5%) 145 (49.2%) 63 (21.4%) 208 (70.5%) 5.17 (3.33 to 8.03) <0.0001
Serum ferritin, >400 μg/L for male; >150 μg/L for female 319 (81.0%) 111 (34.8%) 153 (48.0%) 55 (17.2%) 208 (65.2%) 6.91 (3.80 to 12.57) <0.0001
Interleukin-6, ≥7 pg/mL 255 (62.3%) 73 (28.6%) 123 (48.2%) 59 (23.1%) 182 (71.4%) 4.62 (3.01 to 7.08) <0.0001
Interleukin-10, ≥5 pg/mL 177 (44.1%) 41 (23.2%) 90 (50.8%) 46 (26.0%) 136 (76.8%) 4.67 (3.01 to 7.25) <0.0001
Procalcitonin, ≥0.5 ng/mL 57 (13.6%) 10 (17.5%) 29 (50.9%) 18 (31.6%) 47 (82.5%) 3.76 (1.84 to 7.68) <0.0001
Imaging features
Bilateral 381 (93.2%) 155 (40.7%) 162 (42.5%) 64 (16.8%) 226 (59.3%) 2.62 (1.18 to 5.84) 0.018
Ground-glass opacity 306 (74.8%) 119 (38.9%) 131 (42.8%) 56 (18.3%) 187 (61.1%) 1.73 (1.10 to 2.72) 0.017
Consolidation 89 (21.8%) 29 (32.6%) 36 (40.4%) 24 (27.0%) 60 (67.4%) 1.69 (1.03 to 2.78) 0.037
Pleural effusion 47 (11.5%) 6 (12.8%) 25 (53.2%) 16 (34.0%) 41 (87.2%) 5.85 (2.42 to 14.13) <0.0001
Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%) according to the corresponding conditions. * All p values were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression for the characteristics between the patients with normal cumulative LB and those with cumulative LBAI, but two independent samples (unpaired) Student’s t-test was used to compare the median ages. ** It is not applicable due to the no individuals with abnormal ALT or AST or TBIL in Normal cumulative LB group. †Referred to exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients. †† ORs were calculated using univariate unconditional logistic regression. ‡Comorbidities were defined as history of at least one disease out of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease. § Four patients reported history of either fatty liver or cirrhosis. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LB, liver biochemistry; LBA, liver biochemical abnormality; ALI, acute liver injury; LBAI, liver biochemical abnormality or injury; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CURB-65, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; IQR, interquartile range; NA, none applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; qSOFA, the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.