The vaccines used in cattle were formulated with (i) 25 µg VLPs in PBS (VLPs); (ii) 25 µg VLPs with 1 ml ISPA (VLPs-ISPA); (iii) 25 µg VLPs in PBS mixed with CA (VLPs-CA); or (iv) 25 µg iFMDV in PBS mixed with CA (iFMDV-CA), in a final volume of 2 ml/dose. Cattle were s.c. vaccinated with: (i) VLPs (n=4); (ii) VLPs-ISPA (n=4); (iii) VLPs-CA (n=4) or (iv) iFMDV-CA (n=2).