Introduction
Low voltage areas (LVA) in the left atrium (LA) are well documented in electrophysiology studies and reported as an arrythmogenic substrate operating in atrial fibrillation (AF) and suggested as fibrotic areas [1]. To date, there has been limited research evaluating the predictors of the LVA among long-standing persistent AF (LSPAF) patients. Recently, it was established that LA size and function do not correlate with LVA burden in this population [2]. The relationship between the LVA documented in the LA and right atrial (RA) size and function remains unknown. Moreover, in contrast to the LA, RA structure and function are not as well described in patients with LSPSAF. In this study we aimed to determine RA parameters among LSPSAF population and hypothesised that echocardiography derived RA indices may be helpful to detect LA LVA acquired with high-density and high-resolution bipolar voltage mapping in addition to LA parameters.