Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a common tool for assessing pericardial diseases. Not only anatomical information but ventricular septal motion inferring constrictive physiology can also be reflected via MRI[48].
The alterations of CP in the CMR mainly has the following points: (1)pericardial thickness equal or larger than 4mm; (2)dilatation of the vena cava and supra-hepatic veins which represents the high pressure of RA; (3)delayed gadolinium enhancement of the pericardium is associated with increased fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization, as well as more prominent chronic inflammation and granulation tissue[49,50].